Term
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Definition
| Learned through association; Ex. Pavlov's Dogs; Ex2. Garcia & Kosling Study: exposed rats to 3-way conditioned stimulus, etc -- came up with the principle that the US must come shortly after the CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Punishment/reward based; Ex. Skinner Box; Ex2. Edward Thorndike: created puzzle box for cats. |
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Term
| Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcement presented at fixed rate schedules.; |
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Term
| Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcement on average time that has expired since last reinforcement. |
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Term
| Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Delivered after a specific number of responses have been made. |
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Term
| Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Random reinforcement; yield higher response rates; most resistant to extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning in small small steps rather than all at once; used to condition complex behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden realization of the relationship between elements in an equation. |
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Term
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Definition
Tolman -- learning can take place without reinforcement; differentiated between learning and performing; not demonstrated when motivated to do so.
COGNITIVE MAP: mental representation of a spacial environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Albert Bandura -- learning by observing behavior; bobo doll experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that takes place without awareness. Example: Serial Reaction Time Task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prism Adaptation; puts prism glasses on, shifts sight to the left, brain adapts, but when taken off brain must adapt again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding, Storage, Retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
Memorized nonsense syllables; Spacing Effect: distributed practice yields better long term retention.
Levels of Processing: visual, acoustic, and semantic. |
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Term
| Three Major Levels of Storage |
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Definition
Sensory: holds for a few seconds; from senses; hepatic < 1 second.
Short term: holds for more than a few seconds, but less than a minute; capacity: 7 minutes.
Long term: no known capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| With conscious recall; SEMANTIC: facts and general knowledge, EPISODIC: personally experienced events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious recall; PROCEDURAL: motor and cognitive skills, PRIMING: enhanced education, identification of objects and words. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hippocampus is very important for encoding information and getting it into the long-term memory; also important in procedural memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the efficiency of neural transmission at the synapse. |
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Term
| "Neurons that fire together, wire together." |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Recall: person must produce information by searching memory; fill in the blank.
Recognition: can recognize information as familiar; multiple choice. |
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Term
| Serial Positioning Effect |
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Definition
| For information learned in a sequence, recall is better for beginning (primary effect) than for those in the middle. Recency effect: end items. |
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Term
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Definition
| Had people learn underwater and on land. |
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Term
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Definition
Encoding Failure
Storage Delay
Retrieval Failure |
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Term
| Interference in Retrieving Information |
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Definition
Proactive: info learning earlier impairs memory for information acquired later.
Retroactive: info learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Prenatal Stage of Development |
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Definition
Germinal Stage: first two weeks following conception
Embryonic Stage: 2nd to 8th week.
Fetal Stage: from 9th week to birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infant Monkeys and attachment. |
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Term
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Definition
Believed that children developed through interactions with others.
Joint Attention: the ability to focus on what another person is focused on.
Social Referencing: the ability to use another person's reactions as information about the world. |
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Term
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Definition
Preconventional: consequences
Conventional: rules
Postconventional: opinions |
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Term
| Freud's Consciousness Levels |
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Definition
Id (unconscious mind); libido
Ego (conscious mind)
Superego (in between); conscious |
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Term
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Definition
| Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, and Displacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asked people to describe who they would like to be and who they were, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identified over/almost 18,000 words representing traits; try to limit it down. |
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Term
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Definition
TFT; Eysenk; unstable/stable; introverted/extroverted.
Big Five: Consciousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion.
MMRI: most widely researched and clinically used; originally developed to identify emotional disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality is the result of the interaction between a person and their environment; behaviors emerge from an interplay of external and internal influences. |
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Term
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Definition
External Locus: chance or outside forces determine fate
Internal Locus: we determine our fate |
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Term
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Definition
| When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human learns helplessness. |
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