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| a relativity permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
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| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
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| a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
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| the view that pyschology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2) |
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| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. |
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| Unconditional Response? (UR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as when the mouth salivates when food is in it. |
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| Unconditioned stimulus? (US) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally ...naturally and automatically...triggers a response. |
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| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning this is the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditional response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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| higher-order conditioning? |
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Definition
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experiance is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus.
for example and animal may learn that a certain tone will predict or come before food...then they may learn that light comes before the voice which comes before the food. Hence they learn that light predicts the voice and voice predicts the food. |
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| the diminishing of a conditioned response; i\this occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not folow a conditioned stimulus (CS); this occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer re-enforced. |
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| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
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| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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| in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US. |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. |
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| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
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| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforced or diminished if followed by a punished. |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a "Skinner Box") containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior that follows. |
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| Operant conditioning term: positive reinforcement? |
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Definition
increasing behavior by present positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimuli that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
ex. getting a hug or a paycheck. |
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| Operant conditioning term: negative reinforcement? |
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Definition
in creasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens that response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
ex. putting your seatbelt on to stop the beeping. |
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Term
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Definition
| innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
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Definition
| stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a "secondary reinforcer." |
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| continuous reinforcement? |
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Definition
| reinforcing the desired response very time it occurs. |
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| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement? |
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Definition
| reinforicing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but has much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement does. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning this is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning this is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning this is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time that has elapsed. |
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| variable-interval schedule? |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning this is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
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| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
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| Positive and negative punishment? |
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Definition
Spanking or receiving a parking ticket is positive...it teaches the person to do better with what they have.
Taking privileges away,such as time wiht friends or revoking a license, is negative punishment... rather than showing the individual how to better handle to object...it completely takes away the object. |
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Definition
| a mentla representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as though they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
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| learning that occurs but is not apparent until they is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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| memorize table on page 247. It's the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. |
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| learning by observing others. |
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| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
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| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when performing certain or actions or when observing others doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
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Definition
| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
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