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Psychology: A Journey
Chapter 8
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
06/30/2014

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Term
Algorithm
Definition
A learned set of rules that always leads to the correct solution of a problem
Term
A.I.
Definition
Any artificial system (often a computer program) that is capable of human like problem solving or intelligent responding
Term
Base rate
Definition
The basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event.
Term
Bilingualism
Definition
An ability to speak two languages
Term
Cognition
Definition
The process of thinking or mentally processing information (images, concepts, words, rules, and symbols)
Term
Concept
Definition
A generalized idea representing a category of related objects or events
Term
Concept formation
Definition
The process of classifying information into meaningful categories.
Term
Conjunctive concept
Definition
A class of objects that have two or more features in common. (For example, to qualify as an example of the concept an object must be both red and triangular)
Term
Connotative Meaning
Definition
The subjective, personal, or emotional meaning of a word or concept.
Term
Convergent thinking
Definition
Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought.
Term
Culture-fair test
Definition
A test (such as an intelligence test) designed to minimize the importance of skills knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others.
Term
Deductive thought
Definition
Thought that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behavior of a single falling object
Term
Denotative meaning
Definition
The exact, dictionary definition of a word or concept; its objective meaning.
Term
Deviation IQ
Definition
An IQ obtained statistically from a person's relative standing in his or her age group; that is, how far above or below average the person's score was relative to other
Term
Disjunctive concept
Definition
A concept defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features. (For example, to qualify an object must be either blue or circular)
Term
Divergent thinking
Definition
Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought.
Term
Experiential processing
Definition
Thought that is passive effortless and automatic
Term
Fixation
Definition
The tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives
Term
Flexibility
Definition
In tests of creativity, flexibility is indicated by the number of different types of solutions produced.
Term
Fluency
Definition
In tests of creativity, fluency refers to the total number of solutions produced
Term
Framing
Definition
In thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is sturctured
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
A rigidity in problem solving caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects
Term
Functional solutions
Definition
A detailed, practical, and workable solution.
Term
g-factor
Definition
A general ability factor proposed to underlie intelligence; the core of general intellectual ability that involves reasoning, problem-solving ability, knowledge, and memory
Term
General solution
Definition
A solution that correctly states the requirements for success but not in enough detail for further action
Term
Giftedness
Definition
Either the possession of a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes
Term
Grammar
Definition
A set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
Any strategy of technique that aids problem solving, especially by limiting the number of possible solutions to be tried.
Term
Illogical thought
Definition
Thought that is intuitive, haphazard, or irrational
Term
Image
Definition
Most often, a mental representation that has picture-like qualities; an icon.
Term
Inductive thought
Definition
Thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples; for instance, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects
Term
Intellectual disability
Definition
Formal IQ below 70, impairment of adaptive behavior
Term
Intelligence
Definition
An overall capacity to think rational, act purposely, and adapt to one's surroundings
Term
IQ. Intelligence Quotient
Definition
An index of intelligence as defined by a person's mental age divided by his or her chronological age and multiplied by 100.
Term
Intuition
Definition
Quick impulsive thought that does not make use of formal logic for thinking and communication
Term
Language
Definition
Words or symbols, and rules for combining them, that are used for thinking and communication
Term
Linguistic relativity
Definition
The idea that words we use not only reflect our thoughts but can shape them as well.
Term
Logical thought
Definition
Drawing conclusions on the bases of formal principles of reasoning.
Term
Mechanical solution
Definition
A problem solution achieved by trial and error or by a fixed procedure based on learned rules.
Term
Mental set
Definition
A predisposition to perceive or respond in a particular way.
Term
Mental age
Definition
The average mental ability displayed by people of a given age.
Term
Morphemes
Definition
The smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words
Term
Multiple intelligences
Definition
Howard Gardner's theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability.
Term
Originality
Definition
In tests of creativity, originality refers to how novel or unusual solutions are
Term
Phonemes
Definition
The basic speech sounds of a language
Term
Prototype
Definition
An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept.
Term
Reflective processing
Definition
Thought that is active, effortful, and controlled
Term
Relational concept
Definition
A concept defined by the relationship between features of an object or between an object and its surroundings (for example, "greater than", "lopsided"
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition
A tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories
Term
Semantics
Definition
The study of meanings in language
Term
Syntax
Definition
Rules for ordering words when forming sentences
Term
Transformation rules
Definition
Rules by which a simple declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms (past tense, passive voice, and so forth)
Term
Two-way bilingual education
Definition
A program in which English-speaking children and children with limited English proficiency are taught half the day in English and half in a second language
Term
Understanding
Definition
In problem solving, a deeper comprehension of the nature of the problem.
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