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| How can the SQ3R method help you study more effectively? |
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| A Study methiod involving the following steps a)survey b)question c)read d)recite e)review |
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| What process do scientist use to answer questions about behavior and mental processes? |
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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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| The orderly,systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate the problem, collect andd analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings. |
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| A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related. |
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| The process of repeating a study to verify research findings. |
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| What are the goals of Psychology? |
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| Description, Explanation, Prediction, Influence |
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| A testable prediction about the conditions under which a particular behavior or mental process may occur. |
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| Research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding. |
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| research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life. |
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| What did Wundt and Titchener contribute to psychology? |
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| The first formal school of thought in psychology, aimed at analyzing the basic elements, or structure, of conscious mental experience. |
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| Why is functionalism imprtant in the history of Psychology? |
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| An early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment. |
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| Who were some of the individuals who overcame discrimination to amke important contributions to the fielf=d of psychology? |
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| How do behaviorists explain behavior and mental processes? |
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| The school of psychology that views observable, measureable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior. |
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| What do psychoanalytic psychologists believe about the role of the unconscious? |
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| The term Freud used for both his theory of personality and histherapy for the treatment ofpsychological disorders; the unconscious is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory. |
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| According to Maslow and Rogers, what motivates human behavior and mental processes? |
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| The school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health. |
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| What is the focus of cognitive psychology? |
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| The school of psychology that sees humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making,perception, language, and other forms of cognition. |
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| The school of psychology that emphasizes that individuals percieve objects and patterns as whole units and thaqt the percieved whole is more than the sum of its parts. |
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| information-processing theory |
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| An approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking. |
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| What is the main idea behind evolutionary psychology? |
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| The school of psychology that studies how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution. |
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| How do biological psychologists explaion individual differences in behavior and mental processes? |
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| The school of psychology that looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences. |
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| An interdisciplinary field that combines the work of psychologists, biologists, biochemists, medical researchers, and others in the study of the structure and function of the nervous system. |
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| What kinds of variables interest psychologists who take a sociocultural approach? |
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| The view that social and cultural factors may be just as evolutionaryand physiological factors in affecting behavior andmental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others. |
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| psychological perspectives |
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| General points of view used for explaining people's behavior and thinking, whether narmal or abnormal. |
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| What are psychological perspectives, and how are they related to an eclectic position? |
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| descriptive research methods |
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| Research methods that yield descriptions of behavior. |
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| How do pschological researchers use naturalistic and laboratory observation? |
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| A descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence or conttrol it. |
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| A descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in a laborator setting. |
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| What are the advantages and disadvantages of the case study? |
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| A descriptive research method in which a single individual or a small number of persons are studied in great depth. |
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| How do researchers ensure that survey results are useful? |
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| A descriptive research method in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a group of people. |
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| The entire group of interest to researchers, to which they wish to generalize their findings; the group from which a sample is selected. |
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| A part of a population that is studied to reach conclusions about the entire population. |
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| A sample that mirrors the population of interest; it includes imprtant sub-groups in the same proportions as they are found in that population. |
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| what are the strengths and weaknesses of the correlational method? |
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| A research method used to establish the degree of relationship ( correlation) between two characeristics, events, or behaviors. |
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| A numerical value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables; ranges from +1 to -1 |
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| Why do researchers use experiments to test hypothesis about cause-effect relationships? |
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| The experimental method is the only research method that can identify cause-effect relationships. |
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| The only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships between two or more conditions or variables. |
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| Any condition or factor that can be manipulatedd, controlled or measured. |
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| How do dependent and independent variables differ? |
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| In an experiment, an independent variable is a condition or factor manipulated by the researcher to determine it's effect on the dependent variable. |
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| In an experiment, a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition. |
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| The factor that is measured at the end of an exxperiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the manipulations of the independent variable(s). |
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| Why are experimental and control groups necessary? |
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| Comparing experimental and control allows researchers to judge the effect of the independent variable(s) compared to outcomes that occur naturally or in the presence of a placebo. |
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| In an experiment, the group that is exposed to an independent variable. |
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| in an experiment, a group similar to the experimental grooup that is exposed to the same experimental environment but is not given the treatment; used for purposes of comparison. |
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| What kinds of factors inroduce bias into experimental studies? |
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| Environmental factors can be a source of bias. Selection bias occurs when there are systematic differences among the groups before the experiment begins. The placebo effectoccurs when the participant's expectations influence the outcome of a treatment or experiment. Experimenter bias occurs when the researchers expectations affect the outcome of the experiment. |
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| Factors or conditions other than the independent variable(s) that are not equivalent across groups and could cause differences among the groups with respect to the dependent variable. |
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| The assignment of participants to experimental or control groups in such a way that sytematic differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment. |
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| The process of selecting participants for experimental or control groups by using a chnce procedure to guarantee that each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups; a control for selection bias. |
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| The phenomenon that occurs in an experiment when a participants response to treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment rather than to the treatment itself. |
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| An inert or harmless substance given to the control grooup in an experiment as a control for the placebo effect. |
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| A phenomenon that occurs when a researchers preconcieved notins or expectains in some way influence participants' behavior and/or the researchers interpretation of experimental results. |
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| A procedure in which neither the participants nor the experimenter knows who is in the experimental and control grooups until after the data have been gathered; a control for experimenter bias. |
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| What are the limitations of the experimental method? |
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| Experiments are often conducted in unnatural settings, a factor that limits the generalizability of results. Also, this study method may be unethical or immpossible to use for some research. |
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| What ethical rules must researchers follow when humans are involved in studies? |
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| All research must conform to applicable laws. Researchers must obtain approval from all institutions involved in the study. Participants must give informed consent, may not be decieved unless necessary, and , if decieved, must be debriefed. Suboordinates' participation in a study may not negatively affect them in any way. participants may be paid after being informed about what is expected in return for payment. Researchers must report their findings in an appropriate forum. |
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| Why are animals used in research? |
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| Animals provide a simpler model for studying similar processes in humans; researchers can exxercise more control over animals and use a wider range of medical and other manipulations. |
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| How do psychologists compare theories? |
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| Theories are compared in terms of their usefulness. Useful theories generate testable hypotheses and practical solutions to problems. Theories possessing heuristic value are useful for stimulating debate and research. |
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| How can critical thinking be used to interpret media reports of psychological research? |
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| Critical thinkers are independent, able to sus[pendjudgment, and willing to change prior beliefs. They alsouse knowledge of research methods to evaluate research findings reported i the news media. |
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| What factors limit the generalizability of a study? |
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| A study's generalizability is limited when the characteristics of it's participants do not reflect those of the population at large. |
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| the degree to which a studies findings can be applied to the general population. |
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| Who are some of the specialists working within psychology? |
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| Ther are clinical and counseling psychologists, physiological psychologists, experimental psychologists, developmental psychologists, educational psychologists, social psychologists, and industrial/ organizational psychologists. |
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