source of rationality

mostly conscious

unconcious source of sexual and aggressive energies

original and unchanging

pleasure principle

goal is reduction of drive tenson

immediate gratification

realistic anxiety (fear)

neurotic anxiety (anxiety)

moral anxiety (guilt)

Phallic stage (3-6 years)

Oedipus complex

sexual impulses reawaken

goal is heterosexual (reproductive) sexuality

childhood sexuality shapes objects of desire

colective unconscious

representations of the wholeness (concentric circles)

we see the circles from all differend circles, captures something from inside of people that make them whole

qualities that the ego does not identify with but possesses non the less

a part of yourself that conflicts with who you want to be

little anikin and darth vader shadow

Mask presented to the world to protect the ego from negative images

a mask is a symbolic representation that says we cover up who we are and how we feel to protect ourselves

unconscious feminine qualities in a man's psyche or unconsious masculine qualities in a woman's psyche

to be human men have to accept the feminine side of ourselves and vice versa

good show of some of Jung's Ideas

integration of all aspects of the self to become a unique individual

inside white there is black vice versa

said freud was wrong about drive

she said drive is the need to feel loved, wanted, and safe

part of us have need for others where part of us has hostility for others

Basic Anxiety

lonely and helpless in a hostile world

can't express anger felt with people you are upset with because you are dependent on them

Character Styles and Neurotic Trends (Needs)

Moving-Toward (self-effacing)

erase yourself, what you need and want isn't important and you only care about other people's well-being

trying to gain so much power and prestige that you will be admired and loved by others because of all the power you have

he/she is trying to get others to submit to him/her

Relational Psychoanalysis (object relations)

children that feel abandoned with their parents will potentially abandon other people later in life to get "revenge" although its completely unconscious

Repeaded behavior that isn't very smart, a guy/girl that keeps going back to the same kind of guy/girl that isn't good for them

healthy narcissism and self esteem

Something we all have and need, we need to be able to see ourselves as worth-while and loveable.

Validity of Psychoanalytic Theory

wishes and fears

no evidence of an aggressive drive as freud though

there is a definite seual drive but psychologists think that frued took it too far

projective vs. self-report assessment techniques

projective techniques could be to show somebody aa picture and tell people what they see

if you take a self report test and your parents always taught you to achieve then your test will be similar

if you take a self report test where you have to tell a story you will show how your parents treated you, not what your parents actually told you to do.

Defense mechanisms

repressed memories

people who have been abused as children

Defence mechanisms

self-enhancement and healthy narcissism

car rogers- one of two founders of humanistic psychology. Humans have a tendency for self-growth

people strive to actualize their potentials and grow in positive directions.

messages from other about how we must act and think in order to be worth while

when internalized and ideal self forms that is in tension with our real self

openness to experience

trust in self

creativity

appreciation of deep intimate relationships

behavior and attitudes are caused by internal factors

genes, personality traits, motivations

behavior and attitudes are caused by the environment(situation) we find ourselve in especially the social environment

Social norms

ambiguous situations

public responding

unanimity

size of the majority

competence of group members

increasing voltage to person messing up

if the teacher resisted the experimenter insisted

65% of people went all the way up in the shock

psychological distance (anonymity)

status of the authority

direct vs. indirect observation

dispositional factors do not seem influential 

tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual identities

can also lead people to behave helpfully when others in the group are doing so

we're alone

we can't easily avoid or escape the situation

victim is sympathetic

victim looks nice

performance on tasks is affected by the presence of others

arousal causes this effect

Interpersonal Attraction

Proximity

relationship formation

repeated exposure increases attractiveness

(near exposure effect)

Interpersonal Attraction

Similarity

Those perceived as like us

those who share our views of ourselves

Interpersonal Attraction

equity of giving and receiving

self-disclosure

Interpersonal Attraction

Halo-Effect

More important to men than women

body shapes 

female waist to hip ratio is .70, ideal across cultures

Facial attractiveness

Cute response (lorenz)

Facial Attractiveness

Averageness

averageness is best

the more average the more "attractive"

absence of genetic mutations or abnormalities

shows that expressed attitudes don't always predict behavior

very often a large gap with an attitude people express and how they act

Contradictory explicit and implicit attitudes toward the same object

we may act according to our impicit attitude rather than our explicit attitude

Cognitive category into which all members of a group are placed

schema that allows fast social judgement

Implicit vs explicit prejudice

dual attitudes

explicitly nonprejudiced

implicitly prejudiced

implicit prejudice makes people with egalitarian explicit attitudes uneasy

efforts to minimize discomfort

avoid stereotyped groups

act too friendly

results in conflicting perceptions of interactions

43 life events ranked as stressors

number of stressful eventrs experienced over the previous year is associated with physical illness

events that most people find threatening or challenging and unpredicatble

sense of control reduces stress

glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol) released

Hans Selye (1956)

General adaptation syndrome

all prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation

alarm 

resistance

exhaustion

GAS

Alarm

HPA Axis

hypothalamus stimulates pituiary

pituitary releases adrenaline

adrenaline signals adrenal cortex to release cortisol

adaptation to and coping with stressor

reduction in autonomic arousal

continued release of cortisol

breakdown in coping capacity

energy stores depleted

rise in blood pressure, immune suppression, weakened muscles, hypothalamus damage

Mouse drowning

the study of the relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system

people can get colds from being stressed, and wounds heal slower if you are stressed

Evaluation of an event

Primary appraisal

evaluation of an event

secondary appraisal

Influences on Stress Response

Hardiness

patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

involve interaction of biological, cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral factors

oracles and prophets

Homosexuality, masurbation

Female Ambition

Bulimia nervosa (america/europe)

triggered by socioo cultural expectations

enables problem identification and prescription of treatments

enables professionals to communicate with each other

may reduce self-blame in those with disorders

blurs individual differences

once labeled, people only see that label

Diagnostic and statiscal manual of mental disordsers

DSM - IV

feeling

thoughts 

physical sensations

situation or event that threatens one's physical safety, arousing feelings of intense fear, horror, or helplessness

war, sudden violent calamities, assult, death of a loved one

Responses lasting >1 month after the event

reexperiencing intrusive memories, dreams, reliving

persistent arousal- difficulty sleeping, startling easily hypervigilance anger and difficulty concentrating

Anxiety Disorders

Panic Disorder

repeated and unexpected panic attacks

rapid escalation of feelings of anxiety into terror

bad thoughts and distorted consciousness

persistent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress

recognized as unrealistic, excessive

person attempts to neutralize or suppress them

repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in response to obsessions, to reduce or prevent anxiety

unrealistic (checking, counting, mental rituals)

excessive worry, anxiety for 6+ months 60% of day vs 18%

physical, cognitive, emotional symptoms

restlessness, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

irritability

troubel concentrating

Learning theory factors

classical conditioning (little Albert)

operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment)

social/observational learning

neuroticism

GAD associated with trait negative emotion

Causal factors

Biological factors

OCD occurs in similar raes across cultures

twin and family studies suggest heritability

sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus

mostly auditory, but can also be gustatory, tactile, or visual

low levels of neural activity in the frontal lobes

defects in neural circuitry of cerebral cortex and limbic system

slower communication between left and right hemispheres