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| a problem with a well-stated goal, a clear starting point, and a relatively easy way to tell when a solution has been obtained |
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| a problem, such as the search for "happiness," that has no well-stated goal, no clear starting point, and no mechanism for evaluating progress |
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| the tendency to see objects, and their functions, in certain fixed and typical ways |
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| step-by-step rules or prcedures that, if applied correctly, guarantee a problem solution |
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| the rules of thumb we use to solve problems, heuristics can usually be applied quickly, but they do not guarantee that a solution will be found |
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| a problem-solving heuristic that involves devising actions, or means, that reduce the distance between the current starting point and the desired end (the goal state) |
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| a problem-solving heuristic that involves starting at the goal state and moving backward toward the starting point to see how the goal state can be reached |
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| a problem-solving heuristic that involves trying to find a connection between the current problem and some previous problem you have solved successfully |
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| the tendency to rely on well-established strategies when attempting to solve problems |
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| the moment when a problem solution seems to pop suddenly into one's mind |
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| the thought processes involved evaluating and choosing from among a set of alternatives; it usually involves some kind of risk |
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| the way in which the alternatives in a decision-making situation are structured |
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| the tendency to see out and use information that supports and confirms a prior decision of belief |
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| in decision making, the tendency to cling to inital beliefs when confronted with disconfirming evidence |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| the tendency to make decisions based on an alternative's similarity, or representativeness, in relation to an ideal. For example, people decide whether a sequence is random based on how irregular the squence looks |
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Definition
| the tendency to base estimates on the ease with which examples come to mind |
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