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| Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by practice or experience. |
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| Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. The learning depends on what is happening BEFORE the response. |
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| Russian physiologist who accidentally discovered classical conditioning. His dogs began salivating when hearing the bell (alone) because it had been paired with food. |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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| A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response; unconditioned means unlearned. In this case, the food would be the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| An involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus. In this case, the salivation would be the unconditioned response. |
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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| Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original, unconditioned stimulus; conditioned means learned. In this case, the bell would be the conditioned stimulus, because it was paired with food and then caused salivation. |
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| The tendency to respond to a stimulis that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response. |
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| The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning). |
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| The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred. |
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| Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together. |
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| Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned emotional response (CER) |
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| Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as a fear of dogs. These may lead to phobias. |
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| Conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| Development of nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. |
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| The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses. The learning depends on what happens AFTER the response. |
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| Gave operant conditioning its name; wanted to study only observable behavior. |
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| any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again. |
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| the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus. |
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| the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus |
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| Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that passes before reinforcement is always the same. |
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| Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial event. Example – gambling/slot machines |
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| Any event following a response that makes that response less likely to happen again. |
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| Punishment by Application |
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Definition
| Punishment by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus |
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| Punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus. |
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-it may cause child to avoid/fear the punisher instead of the bad behavior
- it may encourage lying to avoid punishment
-it may create fear and anxiety in general, not learning
- it may provide a model for aggression |
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-it should immediately follow the bad behavior.
-it should be consistent.
-it should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior. |
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Definition
| the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior. |
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| Successive approximations |
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| small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior |
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| the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior. |
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| – behavior modification in which good behavior is rewarded with tokens. Example: in juvenile detention, these tokens may be used to earn the privilege to smoke a cigarette or to earn hours away from the facility to visit family. |
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| A mild form of punishment by removal. |
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| The use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control. |
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| Early cognitive scientist; did rat mazes |
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| learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful. |
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| The sudden solution of a problem; an ‘aha’ moment |
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| The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past; the person (or animal) has learned from past experience that they are helpless. Example; Women experiencing domestic abuse. Also, Seligman’s dogs. |
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| learning new behavior by watching someone model that behavior |
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| Four elements of observational learning |
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| Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation |
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