Term
|
Definition
| internal record or representation of some prior event or experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories |
|
|
Term
| encoding, storage, retrieval (ESR) model |
|
Definition
| memory is formed through three processes: encoding (getting information in), storage (retaining information for future use), and retrieval (recovering information) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processing information into the memory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retaining information for future use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recovering information from memory storage |
|
|
Term
| levels of processing model |
|
Definition
| degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered; determines how well material is later remembered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of processing) |
|
|
Term
| parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
|
Definition
| memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory storage requires passage of information through three stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory; capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alternate term for short term memory, which emphasizes the active processing of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent |
|
|
Term
| explicit (declarative) memory |
|
Definition
| subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life |
|
|
Term
| implicit (nondeclarative) memory |
|
Definition
| subsystem within long-term memory consisting of unconscious procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retrieving a memory using a general cue |
|
|
Term
| encoding specificity principle |
|
Definition
| retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions when information was encoded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning material a second time, which usually takes less time than original learning (also called the savings method) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new information interferes with remembering old information; backward acting interference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| old information interferes with remembering new information; forward acting interference |
|
|
Term
| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon |
|
Definition
| feeling that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory distortion resulting from misleading post-event information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because the source is forgotten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long-lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory for events before a brain injury; backward-acting amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to form new memories after a brain injury; forward acting amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory-improvement technique based on encoding items in a special way |
|
|
