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Psychology
Final Exam
86
Other
Undergraduate 1
04/28/2011

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Term
general intelligence
Definition
the idea that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities, according to Spearman
Term
Flynn effect
Definition
the trend toward increasing average IQ over sucessive generations
Term
Seattle Longitudinal Study
Definition
the first study of adult intelligence that used a cross-sequential research design
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
made up of those basic mental abilities-inductive reasoning, abstract thinking, short-term memory, speed of thinking, and the like-required for understanding any subject matter
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
accumulation of facts, information, and knowledge that comes with education and experience within a particular culture
Term
analytic intelligence
Definition
includes all the mental processes that foster academic proficiency by making efficient learning, remembering, and thinking possible
Term
creative intelligence
Definition
invloves the capacity for flexible and innovating thinking
Term
practical intelligence
Definition
the capacity to adapt one's behavior to the demands of the situation, such as everyday problem solving
Term
selective optimization with compensation
Definition
the tendency of adults to select certain aspects of their lives to focus on, and optimize, in order to compensate for declines in other areas
Term
selective expert
Definition
someone who is notable more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful
Term
ageism
Definition
prejudice against older people
Term
elderspeak
Definition
a babyish way of speaking to older adults, using simple sentences, a slower rate, higher pitch, and repitition
Term
gerontology
Definition
study of old age
Term
geriatrics
Definition
medical specialty devoted to aging
Term
demography
Definition
the study of the characteristics of human populations
Term
centenarian
Definition
a person who is 100 years of age or older
Term
dependecy ratio
Definition
ratio of self sufficient, productive adults to children and elderly adults
Term
young old
Definition
healthy and vigorous, well off finacially, well integrated into the lives of their familes and communities, and politically active
Term
old-old
Definition
those who suffer severe physical, mental, or social problems in later life
Term
oldest-old
Definition
dependent on other for almost everything
Term
primary aging
Definition
refers to the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur as people get older
Term
secondary aging
Definition
refers to changes that are more common as people age but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person
Term
cardiovascular disease
Definition
various diseases that affect the heart and the circulatory system
Term
compression of morbidity
Definition
a limiting of the time any person spends ill
Term
wear-and-tear theory
Definition
parts of the human body deteriorate with use as well as with accumulated exposure to pllution and radiation, toxic foods, drugs, disease, and various other stresses
Term
genetic clock
Definition
triggers hormonal changes, regulates cellular reprofuctin and repair, and timing aging and the moment of death
Term
maximum life span
Definition
maximum number of years that a particular species is genetically programmed to live, for humans this is about 122 years
Term
average life expectancy
Definition
number of years the average newborn of a particular species is likely to live
Term
oxygen free radicals
Definition
highly unstable atoms with unparied electrons that are capable of reacting with other molecules in the cell, tearing them apart and possibly accelerating aging
Term
antioxidants
Definition
compounds such as vitmains A, E, and C that nullify the effects of oxygen free radicals
Term
B cells
Definition
immune system cells that are manufactured in the bone marrow and create antibodies that attack specific invading bacteria and viruses
Term
T cells
Definition
immune system cells that are manufactured in the thymus and produce substances that attack infected cells of the body
Term
hayflick limit
Definition
maximum number of times that cells cultured from humans and animals divide before dying
Term
telomeres
Definition
ends of chromosomes; their length seems correlated with longevity
Term
calorie restriction
Definition
practice of limiting dietary energy intake in an effort to slow down aging
Term
dual task deficit
Definition
involes impaired performance of one task due to interference from the simultaneous performance of another task
Term
control processes
Definition
include strategies for retaining information, selective attention, and rules or strategies that aid problem solving, tend to become simplier and less efficent with age
Term
priming
Definition
invloves the use of a clue, or some other form of preperation, to jog one's memory
Term
explicit memory
Definition
unconscious or automatic memory involving habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and the senses
Term
implicit memory
Definition
unconciouc or automatic memory involving habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and the senses
Term
terminal decline
Definition
overall slowdown of cognitive abilities that often occurs in the days or months before death
Term
dementia
Definition
severly impaired judgement, memory, or problem-solving ability that is irreversible and caused by organic brain damage or disease
Term
delirium
Definition
acute severe memory loss an dconfusion that dissapears in hours or days
Term
alzheimer's disease
Definition
progressive disorder that is most common form of dementia, is characterized by plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex that destroy normal brain functinoing
Term
vascular dementia
Definition
accounts for about 15 percent of all dementia, occrus because of an infarct, or temporary obstruction of the blood vessels, prevents sufficient amount of blood from reaching an area in the brain. Characterized by sporadic and progressive loss of brain functioning
Term
subcortical dementias
Definition
such as parkinsons disease, huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis, cause a progressive loss of motor control, with initially does not directly involve thinking or memory
Term
parkinson's disease
Definition
produces dementia as well as muscle rigidty or tremors, related to degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine
Term
life review
Definition
older person attemps to put his or her life into perspective by recalling and recounting various aspects of life to members of the younger generations
Term
wisdom
Definition
refers to expert knowledge in the fundamental pragmatics of life
Term
self theories
Definition
such as Erik Erikson's theory focus on how adults make choices, confront problems, and interpret reality in such a way as to express themselves as fully as possible
Term
integrity versus despair
Definition
final stage of development, older adults seek to integrate the unique experiences with their vision of community
Term
positivity effect
Definition
the tendency for elderly people to percieve, prefer, and remember positive experiences and images more than negative ones
Term
stratification theories
Definition
emphasize that social forces limit individual choices and affect the ability to function
Term
disengagement theories
Definition
aging results in role relinquishment, social withdrawl, and passivity
Term
activity theory
Definition
the view that older people remain active in a variety of social spheres and become withdrawn only unwillingly
Term
dynamic theories
Definition
each person's life is an active, ever-changing, largely self-propelled process that occurs within ever-changing social contexts
Term
continuity theory
Definition
each person copes with late adulthood in much the asme way that he or she coped with earlier periods of life
Term
age in place
Definition
elderly prefer to age in place by remaing in same home and community even after their health declines
Term
AARP
Definition
major organization representing elderly adults in the United States
Term
social convoy
Definition
network of people with whom we establish meaningful relationships as we travel through life
Term
Filial responsibility
Definition
the idea that adult children are obligated to care for their aging parents
Term
frail elderly
Definition
the minority of adults over age 65 who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively impaired
Term
activities of daily life
Definition
comprise of five tasks: eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, and transferring from a bed to a chair
Term
instumental activities of daily life
Definition
actions that require some intellectual competence and forethought, such as shopping for food, paying bills, and taking medication
Term
respite care
Definition
an arrangement in which a professional caregiver takes over to give a family caregiver a break from caring for a frail elderly person
Term
assisted living
Definition
an intermediate form of elder care that provides some of the privacy and indeoendence of living at home, along with some medical supervision
Term
thanatology
Definition
the study of death and dying
Term
near-death experience
Definition
an episode in which a person comes close to dying and reports having left his or her body, while feeling peacefulness and joy
Term
good death
Definition
death that is peaceful, quick, painless, and that occurs at the end of a long life, in the company of family and friends
Term
hospice
Definition
an institution in which terminally ill patients recieve palliative care
Term
hospice
Definition
an institution in which terminally ill patients recieve palliative care
Term
palliative care
Definition
care that relives suffering while safeguarding the person's dignity, such as care provided in hospice
Term
double effect
Definition
a situtaion in which medication had the intended effect of relieving a dying person's pain and the secondary effect of hastening death
Term
passive euthanasia
Definition
involves allowing a seriously ill person to die naturally by whithholding medical interventions
Term
DRN (do not resuscitate)
Definition
a written order from a physician that no attempt should be made to revive a dying patient if he or she suffers cardiac or respiratory arrest
Term
active euthanasia
Definition
involves a person taking action to end another person's life in order to relieve suffering
Term
physician-assisted suicide
Definition
one in which a doctor provides the means for a person to end his or her life
Term
slippery slope
Definition
an argument that a given action will start a chain of events that will end in an undesirable outcome
Term
living will
Definition
a document that specidies what medical interventiona person whats if he or she becomes incapable of expressing those wishes
Term
health care proxy
Definition
a person chosen to make medical decisions for someone else if the second person becomes unable to do so
Term
bereavement
Definition
the sense of loss people feel following a death
Term
grief
Definition
an individual's emotional response to bereavement
Term
mourning
Definition
the ceremonies and rituals that a religion or culture prescribes for bereaved people
Term
absent grief
Definition
occurs when people cut themselves off from the community and customs of grief and mourning
Term
disenfranchised grief
Definition
occurs when bearbed people are not permitted to mourn publicly
Term
incomplete grief
Definition
occurs when circumstances such as criminal investigation, interfere with grieving
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