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| The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it. (I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon) |
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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It explains assumptions, discerns, hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| Testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| statement of procedures used to define research variables. |
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| Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| Technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative random sample from them |
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| Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share behaviors and beliefs |
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| Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study (Except for national studies) |
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| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| Measure of extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| Graphed cluster o dots, each of which represents the values of two variables |
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| The perception of relationships where none exists |
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| Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more processes by random assignment of participants |
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| Experimental procedure in which both the research participants and research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo |
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| Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by administration of an inert substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent |
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| Condition of experiment that exposes participants to the treatment that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| Condition of experiment that contrasts with experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| Outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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| Most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
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| Arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing them by the number of scores |
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| Middle score in a distribution, half the scores are above and half below it |
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| Difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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