Term
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Definition
change in behavior or potential behavior
observable
learned by experience
repetition |
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Term
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Definition
| inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel or surprising events |
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Term
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Definition
decline in tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar thru repeated exposures
(not responding to any startling event) |
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Term
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Definition
| increased response to an event that has been repeated |
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Term
classical conditioning
ch 4 |
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Definition
| a previously NEUTRAL stimulus elicts a RESPONSE thru ASSOCIATION with a stimulus that Already elicts a similar response |
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Term
US
unconditioned stimulus
ch 4 |
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Definition
| Classical condition term referring to a stimulus that elicts a reflexive response without learning |
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Term
UR
unconditioned response
ch 4 |
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Definition
| classical conditioning term for a reflexive response elicted by a stimulus without learning |
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Term
CS
conditioned stimulus
ch 4 |
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Definition
| classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elict a conditioned response after being associated with an US |
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Term
CR
conditioned response
ch 4 |
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Definition
| classical conditioning term for a reponse that is elicted by a CS (afer a CS is associated with US) |
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Term
second/higher order conditioning
ch 4 |
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Definition
| procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a CS through association with an already established CS |
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Term
stimulus generalization
ch 4 |
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Definition
tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning.
stimulus resembles CS elicts a CR |
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Term
stimulus discrimincation
ch 4 |
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Definition
CC: responding differently to two+ stimuli.
stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke a CR
OC: response occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not the other. similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension |
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Term
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Definition
weakening and eventual disappearance of learned response
CS is no longer paired with the US |
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Term
spontaneous recovery
ch 4 |
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Definition
| reappearance of leanred responses after its apparent extinction |
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Term
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Definition
response more likely to occur.
strengthens response |
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Term
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Definition
response less likely to occur.
weakens response |
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Term
operant conditioning
ch 4 |
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Definition
Skinner.
response becomes more or less likely to occur, depending on CONSEQUENCES |
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Term
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Definition
| inherently reinforcing, satisfying a physiological need |
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Term
secondary reinforcer
ch 4 |
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Definition
| acquired reinforcing association |
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Term
positive reinforcement
ch 4 |
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Definition
| reinforcement with positive stimulus |
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Term
negative reinforcement
ch 4 |
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Definition
| removal of unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when PRESENTED, lowers chance the response will happen again |
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Term
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Definition
| when REMOVED, lowers chance response will happen again |
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Term
schedule of reinforcement
ch 4 |
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Definition
| determines when a particular response can be reinforced |
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Term
continuous renforcement
ch 4 |
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Definition
| a particular response is ALWAYS reinforced |
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Term
partial reinforcement
ch 4 |
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Definition
| reinforcement is delivered SOMETIMES after the response has ocurred |
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Term
partial reinforcement
ch 4
fixed ratio
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Definition
| reinforcement is delievered only sometimes after the response has occurred |
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Term
partial reinforcement
ch 4
variable ratio
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Definition
| certain number of responses required (it changes) |
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Term
partial reinforcement
ch 4
fixed interval
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Definition
| reinforcement for 1st response after a certain amount of time |
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Term
partial reinforcement
ch 4
variable ratio
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Definition
| time limit changes before a response gets reinforced |
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Term
successive approximations
ch 4 |
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Definition
| OC: behaviors ordered in terms of increasing similarity of closness to the desired response |
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Term
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Definition
| OC: tendency for an organism to revert to instrincts |
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Term
behavior modification
ch 4 |
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Definition
| application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or reduce maladaptive or problematic behavior |
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Term
extrinsic reinforcers
ch 4 |
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Definition
| reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced |
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Term
intrinsic reinforcers
ch 4 |
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Definition
| reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced |
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Term
observational learning
ch 4 |
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Definition
learning new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than throug direct experience.
vicarious conditioning
bandura |
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Term
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Definition
gathers and processes info
interprets -- responds to stimuli
coordinateds cells to respond |
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Term
CNS
central nervous system
ch 5 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
collection of neurons and supportive tissue running down the center of the back
bridge between brain and body |
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Term
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Definition
unconsciously controlled
can be controlled subconsciously and by brain |
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Term
PNS
peripheral nervous system
ch 5 |
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Definition
portion of nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor nerves
handles CNS's input and output |
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Term
somatic nervous system
ch 5 |
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Definition
nerves that are connected to sensory receptors
sense the world
act voluntarily |
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Term
autonomic nervous system
ch 5 |
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Definition
involunarily
regulates internal organs and glands
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Term
autonomic nervous system
ch 5
sympathetic nervous system
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Definition
| mobilizes body resouces and increases output of energy during emotion and stress |
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Term
autonomic nervous system
ch 5
parasympatheic nervous system
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Definition
| operates during relaxes states, conserves energy |
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Term
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Definition
nerve cells
basic unit of ns
electrochemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
glue cells
support, nurture, and insulate neurons
remove debris when neurons die
formation and maintenance of neural connections
modify neural functioning |
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Term
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Definition
treelike
receive info from other neurons and transmit toward cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| part of neuron that keeps it live and determines whether it will fire or not |
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Term
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Definition
neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body
transmits to other neurons
can be insulated by myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
glial cells
segmented
reduces confusion between nearby neurons
speeds
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Term
electrochemical communication
action potential
ch 5 |
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Definition
change in electrical potential between inside and outside of neuron.
sodium in, potassium out
action potential: brief change in electrical voltage when neuron is stimulated as an electrical impulse |
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Term
|
Definition
end of an exon from which the axon releases its message
several synaptic vesicles containing a neutrotransmitter
(chemical that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activit of a receiving neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
site where transmission of nerve impulses from one nerve to another cell occurs
includes:
axon terminal
synaptic cleft (space between 2 neurons)
receptor sites (specialized to receive specific messages |
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Term
neurotransmitters:serotonin
ch 5 |
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Definition
| affects neurons invovled in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature, pain, and mood |
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Term
neurotransmitters: dopamine
ch 5
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Definition
| affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion, pleasure, reward, response to novelty |
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Term
neurotransmitters: acetylcholine
ch 5
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Definition
incrased heart rate and slowing of intestinal activity during stress
learning, memory, dreaming, waking up, and emotions |
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Term
neurotransmitters: gaba
ch 5
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Definition
| major INHIBITORY neutrotransmitter in brain |
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Term
neurotransmitters: glutamate
ch 5
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Definition
major EXCITORY neutrotransmitter
can affect and be affected by behavior |
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Term
neurotransmitters: endorphins
ch 5
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Definition
= opiates
pain reduction, pleasure, memory
up when stressed
<3 |
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Term
hormones: endocrine glands
ch 5 |
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Definition
| produce and release hormones into blood |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by pineal gland
regulation of daily biological rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by pituitary gland
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
ejection of milk
promotes relationships |
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Term
hormones: adrenal hormones
ch 5
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Definition
produced by adrenal glands
invovled in emotion and stress |
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Term
hormones: sex hormones
ch 5
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Definition
regulcate development and functioing of reproductive organs
androgens, estrogens, and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of perticular brain areas for particular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| located at top of spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| sleeping, waking, and dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| certain automatic functions, breating heart rate |
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Term
brain stem: reticular activating system
ch 5
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Definition
| netword of neurons found in the core of the brain stem, arouses cortext and screens incoming information |
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Term
brain stem: cerebelllum
ch 5
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Definition
balance and movement
learning simple responses
more complex cognitive tasks |
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Term
brain stem: thalamus
ch 5
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Definition
directs sensed stuff
located near emotion structures |
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Term
brain stem: hypothalamus
ch 5
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Definition
fighting
fleeing
feeding
fornication
regulates body temp
controls autonomic ns
sends messages to pituitary gland |
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Term
brain stem: amygdala
ch 5
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Definition
evaluates sensory info
quicky determine emotional importance of stimuli
proesses sensory information quickly
allows us to respond to danger quicker than we can think |
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Term
brain stem: olefactory bulb
ch 5
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Definition
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Term
brain stem: hippocampus
ch 5
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Definition
compares sensory info with what the brain has learned to expect
formation
destination
retrieval |
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Term
brain stem: cerebrum
ch 5
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Definition
higher thinking
divided into two connected by corpus collosum
covered by cerebral cortex |
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Term
brain stem: cerebrum
ch 5
occipital lobe
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Definition
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Term
brain stem: cerebrum
ch 5
parietal lobe
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Definition
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Term
brain stem: cerebrum
ch 5
temporal lobe
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Definition
| hearing, memory, perception, emotion, language comp |
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Term
brain stem: cerebrum
ch 5
frontal lobe
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Definition
speech, higher order thinking, initiative
social judgement
speech production |
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Term
absolute sensory threshold
ch 6 |
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Definition
intensity at which a given individual can detect a sensory stimulus 50% of the itme
low indicates the ability to detect faint stimuli |
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Term
signal detection theory
ch 6 |
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Definition
| study of people's tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms |
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Term
subliminal perception
ch 6 |
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Definition
ability of a stimulus to influence our behavior event when it is presented os faintly or briefly or along with such strong distracters that we do not perceieve it consciously
cant:
control
influence
improve
can:
brief effects
subtle
difficult to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron of visual system respons to the presence of certain feautres |
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Term
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Definition
| explains how we perceive overall patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that you can perceive in more than one way |
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Term
perception of movement
ch 6 |
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Definition
vestibular system tells the visual system what you're seeing
relative to background |
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Term
perception of depth: visual constancy
ch 6 |
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Definition
| tendency to perceive objects as unchanging shapes, sizes, colors, despite variations in what actually reaches the retina |
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Term
perception of depth: depth perception
ch 6
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Definition
| perception of deapth distance 3D |
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Term
perception of depth: binocular cues
ch 6
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Definition
visual cues that depend on the action of both eyes
convergence: tension behind the eyes as an object moves closer |
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Term
perception of depth: monocular cues
ch 6
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Definition
visual cues that are just as effetive with one eye as both
size
detail
positin
texture
shadows
motion
etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
misinterpretation of a visual stimulus as being larger or smaller, etc
relationship between size and depth perception |
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Term
optical illusion: moon illusion
ch 6 |
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Definition
| the moon looks bigger on the horizon instead of in the sky because there is something to base it's size off of |
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Term
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Definition
| internal process that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activites |
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Term
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Definition
| internal deficiency that energizes behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological expression of internal needs or goals |
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Term
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Definition
| any action, glandualr activity, or other behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| target or objective of motivated behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need |
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Term
extracellular thirst
ch 7.1 |
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Definition
reduction in the volume of fluids in surrounding cells
bleeding
vomiting
diarrhea
sweating
alcohol
drink salty water to make it better |
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Term
intracellular thurst
ch 7.1 |
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Definition
fulid is drawn out of cells due to an increased oncentration of salts and minerals
caused by salty foods
drink plain water to make it better |
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Term
|
Definition
gets rid of pain
reaction to pain is learned |
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Term
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Definition
| strength of ones motivation to engage in sex |
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Term
non-homeostatic drive
ch 7.1 |
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Definition
| relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or bodily need states |
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Term
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Definition
activation of the body and the nervous system
inverted U curve |
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Term
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Definition
summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance
simple tasks need higher arousal
complex tasks require lower arousal |
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Term
opponent process theory
ch 7.1 |
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Definition
| strong emotions tend to be followed by an opposite emotional state |
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Term
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Definition
| acquired as part of growing up in a prticular society or culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| expression of tendencies to fully develop personal potential |
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Term
parasympathetic rebound
ch 7.2 |
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Definition
vagal rebound
stress
may lead to death :p |
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Term
|
Definition
8 primary emotionals= 8 adjacent emotions
emotions vary in intensity |
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Term
|
Definition
| emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal |
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Term
cannon bard theory
ch 7.2 |
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Definition
| activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaniously |
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Term
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Definition
| emotions occur when physcal arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues |
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