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Definition
| an observational technique, in which 1 person is studied in depth |
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Definition
| observing and recording behavior in naturally-occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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Definition
| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
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Definition
| researcher manipulates 1 or more variables under carefully controlled conditions and observe changes in behavior or mental processes |
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Term
| techniques used in case study |
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Definition
- interview
- direct observation
- examine records
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Term
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Definition
- gives full picture of person
- can use for unusual cases
- can use to disprove general statements
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| disadvantages of case study |
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Definition
- may not be representative of the population
- highly subjective
- poor memories of the person and others
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Term
| advantages of naturalistic observation |
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Definition
- good for coming up with new ideas
- good for descriptive data
- lab results apply to natural settings
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Term
| disadvantages of naturalistic observation |
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Definition
- difficult to determine which variables are important
- difficult not to intervene
- hard to quantify data/run tests
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Term
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Definition
- can get a lot of information fast
- can track changes of responses over time
- can make predictions that are valid within limits
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Term
| disadvantages of the survey |
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Definition
- self reports can be unreliable
- memory lapses
- wishful thinking
- intentional deception
- cannot validly draw cause and effect conclusions
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Definition
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Definition
| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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Definition
| a statistical measure of relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| if 2 sets of scores tend to rise or fall together |
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Term
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Definition
| if 2 sets of scores relate inversely, one set going up as the other goes down |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, describes how well either factor predicts the other |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation(little scatter indicates high correlation). |
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Term
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Definition
| scatterplot with points going up from the bottom left to top right of graph |
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Definition
| scatterplot with the points going down from the top left to the bottom right of the graph |
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Term
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Definition
| a perceives but nonexistent correlation |
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Term
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Definition
| factor that is manipulated to see its effect |
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Definition
| factor thought to be affected by independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition that exposes the subjects to the treatment |
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| Controlled Condition (Group) |
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Definition
| condition that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental results are caused by the subjects expectations alone |
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Definition
| inert substance that has medical value because of a person's belief in the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| a researchers expectations about the experiment, affects the outcome |
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Term
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Definition
- both the research study and the research staff are ingnorant (blind) about whether the research subjects have received the treatment or the placebo
- ADVANTAGE: can validly draw cause-and-effect conclusions
- DISADVANTAGE: often expensive, often time consuming, can be artificial
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Term
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Definition
- a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
- it does not imply that it is necessarily important
- doesn't tell how big effect is
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Term
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Definition
- results are not generalized
- experimental and control conditions have different types of subjects
- should randomly assign subjects to groups
- not always reduced to one variable (confounded variables)
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Term
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Definition
| a periodical that uses researchers to judge whether another researchers work is worth publishing |
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Term
| 4 APA Guidelines from 1992 |
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Definition
- subjects must give informed consent
- investigators must protect subjects from harm or discomfort
- information about subjects must be treated confidentially
- the research should be explained to the subjects afterwards
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Term
| What percentage of psychological research uses animals as subjects? |
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Definition
| about 7% of psychological research is performed with non-human animals |
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Term
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Definition
- further from 0, stronger the correlation, the better the prediction power
- the absolute value of the coefficient tells its strength
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Term
| What can validly be concluded from correlation? |
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Definition
| describes how well either factor predicts the other |
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Term
| What cannot be concluded from correlations? |
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Definition
| Correlation does not imply causation |
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