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| chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another. secreted chemicals... serve as messenger that activate neighboring neurons. stored in small sacs called synaptic vessicles. released when a vesicle fuses with the membrane of the presynaptic cell and its contents spill into the synaptic cleft. bind at receptor sites. |
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| very brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along an axon. Stimulation causes cell membrane to open, briefly allowing positively charged sodium ions to flow in. (firing is reflected in voltage spike) After firing, channels in the cell membrane that opened to let in sodium close up |
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| )—(1) synthesis and storage, (2) release, (3) binding, (4) inactivation or removal, (5) reuptake |
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| internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects—clearly contribute to modulation of pain and some pleasurable emotions. |
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| Norepinephrine and behavior |
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| contributes to modulation of mood and arousal. Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity in these synapses. |
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| contributes to control of voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions, Decreased levels=Parkinson’s disease. Over activity = schizophrenia. Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity in these synapses. |
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| involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression. Abnormal levels may contribute to depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prozac affects serotonin circuts. |
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| coordinates fine muscle movement, balance. First affected by alcohol. |
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| dopaminergic projections, reticular activating system. it is involved in sensory functions such as locating where things are in space. It also contains structures which are important for voluntary movement (Parkinson’s disease is due to degeneration of the substantia nigra, a structure in the |
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| group of fibers that carry stimulation related to sleep and arousal through brainstem |
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| relay center for cortex; handles incoming and outgoing signals. All sensory information (except smell) must pass through this in order to get to the cerebral cortex. Plays an active role in integrating information from various senses. the way station for all incoming sensory information before it is passed on to appropriate higher brain regions |
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| responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control. Found near the base of the forebrain, under the thalamus. Involved in the regulation of basic biological needs. Controls the autonomic nervous system. Four ‘F’s : fight, flight, feeding, mating. Not the “hunger center” of the brain, however, but contributes to the control of hunger. which is the regulator of basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, and temperature regulation |
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| The seat of emotion.” System of loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas. Broadly defined, it includes parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus, the hippocampus, amygldala, and nearby structures |
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| in limbic system, many self-stimulation sites were found here. The heavisest concentration appears to be where the medial forebrain bundle passes through the hypothalamus, where there are a lot of dopamine-releasing neurons. |
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convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum. Foldedand bent so that large surface area can be packed into skull.
white matter—consists of right and left halves (hemispheres). Each divided into 4 lobes. |
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| back of the head, includes cortical area where most visual signals are sent. This is called the primary visual cortex. |
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| (meaning “near the temples”) lies below the parietal lobe. Contains area devoted to auditory processing. |
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| forward of the occipital. Includes area that registers sense of touch. primary somatosensory cortex located in the cerebrum (forebrain) |
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| largest lobe. near the top of the brainstem. Contains principle areas that control movement of muscles. More of this cortex is devoted to parts we have fine control over (fingers, lips, toungue) |
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| Some think it is a sort of “executive control system” that monitors, organizes, and directs thought processes. the portion of the frontal lobe to the front of the motor cortex. the area disproportiontely large in humans. contributes to memory and reasoning abot objects and events... houses "exectube control system". ppl who damage this have deficits in planning,paying attn.cerebrum(forebrain) |
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| left side of the frontal lobe. Involved in speech production. left side of frontal lobe, plays an important role in the production of speech. a____ caused by damage to temporal and frontal lobes by tumor... are able to comprehend speech but have great difficulty expressing their thoughts. speak in short phrases that include only nouns and verbs |
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| left side of frontal lobe, damage usually leads to problems with the comprehension of language. |
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| located in the limbic system. this brain to sustain significant damge to alzheimers.contributes to memory. hm's memory loss was attributed to removal of this |
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| information received by one hemisphere is readily shared with the other via this. |
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| strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information. Every cell contains 46 chromosomes, which operate in 23 pairs (one coming from each parent). Each one contains thousands of biochemical messengers called genes. |
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| DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. Each person shares half of their genes with each parent. On average, siblings share half their genes. |
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| the reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population. Variations in reproductive success are what really fuels evolutionary change. |
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