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Definition
| innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation |
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| a neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first one leg and then teh other in a coordinated pattern like walking |
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| clumbsy swiping movements by young infants toward the gerneral vicinity of objects they see |
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| the ability to move oneself around in the environment |
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| the attempt by a young child to perform an action on a miniature object is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative size of the child and the object |
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| the extraction from the constantly changing stiumlation in the environment of those elements that are invariant or stalbe |
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| the possibilities for action offered by objects and situations |
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| a form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always evokes a particular reflexive response |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus(UCS) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus tha tevokes a reflexive response |
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Term
| unconditioned response(UCR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning , the neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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| in classical conditioning the originally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus |
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| instrumental conditioning(operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| learning the realation between one's own behavior and consequences that result |
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Definition
| a reward that reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
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Definition
| a procedure used to study infant cognition in which infants are shown an event that should evoke surprise or interest if it violates something the infant knows or assumes to be true |
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Definition
| systems for representing our thoughts feelings and knowldege for communicating them to other people |
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| understanding what aothers say or sign or write |
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| actually speaking or signing or writing to others |
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| the idea that by using the finite set of words in our vocabulary, we can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite number of ideas |
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Definition
| the elementary unjits of meaningful sound used to produce languages |
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Definition
| the elementary acquisition of knowledge about the sound systme of a language |
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Term
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Definition
| th esmallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more phonemes |
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Definition
| the learning of the system for expressing meaing in a language including word leraning |
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Definition
| rules in a language that specifiy how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives etc...) can be combined |
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Term
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Definition
| th elearning of the syntax of a language |
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Definition
| the acquisition of knowlege about how language is used |
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Term
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Definition
| an understanding of th properties and function of language -that is, an understandin gof language as language |
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Term
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Definition
| time during which language develops readily and after which(sometime between age 5 and puberty)language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful |
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| infant directed talk (IDT) |
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Definition
| the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children |
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Definition
| the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intontational patterns and so forth with which a language is spoken |
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Definition
| the perception of speech sounds as beloning to discrete categories |
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Definition
| the length of time between when air passes thorugh the lips and when teh vocal cords start vibrating |
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| the mutual understanding that people share during communication |
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Definition
| a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment |
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Definition
| in langauge an dspeech , the associating of words and meaning |
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Definition
| the period when children begin using th words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| th eperiod hwne children begin using the words in their small prodcutive vocabulary one word at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of a given word in a broader context that is appropriate |
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Term
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Definition
| the strategies that young children enlist in beginning to speak |
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Term
| referential analytic style |
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Definition
| speech strategy that analyzes the speech stream into individual phonetic elements and words; the first utterances of children who adopt this style tend to use isolated, often monosyllabic word |
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Term
| expressive(holistic)style |
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Definition
| children who use this speech strategy give more atteneiton to overally sound of language -its rhythmic and intonation patterns-than to the phonetic elements of which it is composed |
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Term
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Definition
| the children who use this speech strategy often begin to speak very late but then hav e alrge vocabulary and quickly acquire more words |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of rapidly learning of new word simply form the contrastive use of a familiar and an unfamiliar word |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of the social context used for word learning |
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Definition
| the strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentences ot figure out meaning |
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Definition
| the term describing children's first sentences that are genearlly two word utternaces |
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Term
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Definition
| speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular |
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Definition
| young children's talk with one anothe rin which the content of each child's turn has little or nothing to do with what the other child has just said |
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Definition
| descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story |
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Definition
| a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are commmon to all languages |
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| th eidea that the human brain contains an innate, self contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning |
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Definition
| a type of information processing approach that emphasizes the simultanious activity of numerous, interconnected processing units |
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Definition
| the idea that a symbolic artifact must be mentally represented in two ways at the same time -both as a real object and as asymbol for something other than itself |
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Definition
| general ideas or understanding that can be used to group together objects events qualities or abstractions that are similar in some way |
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| perceptual categorization |
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Definition
| the grouping together of objectsw iwth similar appearances |
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Definition
| the realization that all sets of N objects have something in common |
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Definition
| a process by which adults and children can look at a few objects and almost immediatelyknow how many objects are present |
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