What are the diagnostic criteria for
Major Depressive Episode

1)depressed mood

2)loss of pleasure

3)Weight change up or down 5%

4)Insomnia or Hypersomnia

5)Psychomotor agitation or retardation

6)fatigue

7)feeling of worthlessness

8)loss of concentration

9)Suicide ideation

A)must have 5+ symptoms, including 1) or 2)

B)must not be concurrent with manic/depressive episodes

C)must cause significant impairment of functioning

D)must not be caused by drugs, medication, unrelated conditions

Diagnostic Criteria for

Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent

A) The presence of 2+ Major Depressive Episodes (atleast 2 months in between)

B) The px doesn't actually have schizophrenia or related disorders, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder etc.

C) The px has not had a Manic Episode, a Mixed Episode or a Hypomanic Episode. (doesn't count if they took medication that caused this however!)

Japan: 3%

US: 17%

1) Zung Self Report Scale

2) Beck Depression Inventory(BDI-II)

3) Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

Describe

Beck Depression Inventory

(BDI-II)

Beck Depression Inventory

(BDI-II)

21 questions with 4 options each that measure mental and physical symptoms of depression. 

Desribe

Zung Self Report Scale

Self rating their own feelings on 20 items on a scale of 1-4. Items are 50% negative and positive. Score of 50=depression. Score of 69=Severe depression.

Describe

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

20 questions, positive and negative, asks how much of the week was spent feeling certain ways. Score higher points for negative questions. Not to be used as a diagnostic tool, but rather to measure depressive symptoms.

Men: 3-5%

Women: 8-10%

The National Population Health Survey (NPHS)  showed what about women and depresive episodes?

(Stewart, Gucciardi & Grace, 2004)

showed that women aged 12 and up reported symptoms of major depressive episodes twice as much as men as far back as 1994.

The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) found that which 5 high risk factors caused depression?

(Patten, Wang, Beck & Maxwell, 2005)

Measured the annual prevalence of Major Depression against risk factors: age, marital status, income, immigrant status & race.

Found that the most at risk are young, single,poor, canadian, minorities.

Some others include: low social support, giving birth, anxiety issues, low self esteem, drug abuse, chronic medical conditions.

1) Psychological

2) Pharmocological

made up of three broad drug categories:

1) Tricyclic Antidepressents

less popular in favor of newer drugs which produce better results and fewer side effects.

2) SSRI (selective seritonin reuptake inhibitors)

3) SNRI (Seritonin and Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors)

Who is more likely to take anti depresents?

Men or Women?

Young or Old?

Women

Old

Who reports higher levels of depression,

Men or Women? What accounts for this gender difference?

Role/Psychological Factors: part 1: TRAITS

describe

Differences in self esteem, self worth cause women to have more risk. Some girls associate self worth with appearance. This adolescent low self esteem may play into future tendancies to report depressive symptoms.

Role/Psychological Factors: Part 2: Coping Skills

DESCRIBE

Women more dependant on relationships for happiness

Feminine gender role orientation in the BEM sex role inventory is a predictor of depressive symptoms.

Women Ruminate more than men. Connected to longer episodes of depression.

Women are more able to remember emotional life events. Men have a less intense emotional experience of the world.

Men use  focused/instrumental coping while women use emotion based coping, blaming themselves or venting anger on others.

Women also use Cognitive Avoidance Coping: denying and minimizing stressors.

Describe the basic model of the Kinsey Scale and how it has changed over the years.

1^st Kinsey Scale:Rating of ONLY sexual behavior

^2nd Kinsey Scale:Rating of sexual behavior, sexual feelings

^3rd Kinsey Scale:sexual behavior, feelings, attractions, fantasies

What are the ratings for the Kinsey Scale?

0= Exclusive Hetero                4= Homo, chance hetero

1= Hetero, chance homo          5= Homo, >chance homo

2= Hetero, >than chance homo 6= Exclusive Homo

3= Equally hetero and homo

Describe the Self Labeling Method measurement

Choose 1 or more to describe yourself:

gay, lesbian, bi, hetero, transgendered, queer, other

Describe the Behavioral Method of measurement

A direct measure of how many sexual partners the person has had. This does not define preference, but rather types of sexual encounters as M/f. M/m. f/f.

What did the Kinsey Study on Incidence of Homosexuality show?

1940s: more m than f having at least 1 gay sexual encounter resulting in orgasm. More m in exclusive same sex behavior than women.

1970s same

1980's slight increase in overall gay sex encounters

1990's 15-20% more same sex encounters, while only 4-17% consider themselves gay. So, there is more gay sex, but few admit/feel that they are actually gay. So, types of sex do not define orientation.

In Australia, what % of men and women are straight/gay?

            Straight         Gay

MALE       97%        15.1%

FEMALE   97.4%       8.6%

In Australia, how many consider themselves gay? How many have gay sex? What does this mean?

2-3% are actually gay while 20% are having gay sex. Having gay sex doesn't mean you consider yourself gay, or FEEL as though you are gay. Behavior does not beget sexuality.

In Canada, what type of person is most likely to admit to being gay?

AGE. Elderly are much more likely than the young to admit to being gay.

n Britain, are women or men more likely to admit being gay?

WOMEN.

he National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles showed what results?

British survey that showed women being gay/ displaying gay sexual behavior rose up over the last decade. Women on women attractions foes up 11.7% in just 10 years. They are much more likely than men to engage/ be comfortable with this behavior.

A Cornell study of university students showed what?

Female uni students more likely to admit to being gay. Out of the whole group aged 14-94, 7-8% of all of them were gay. Isolating for age showed that 50 year old males are 15% likely to be gay. Something special about that particular age for men.

What to Causal Theories imply about Sexuality?

That it is somehow changeable. Eg, if it is biological, then it can be cured. If it is learned, then it can be unlearned...

Name the 4 reasons why Childhood sexuality research may not be that accurate of a predictor for homosexuality.

1)not all gays display gender atypical behavior

2)px are usually screened for gender dysphoric disorders

3)men and women are socialized differently

4)px are all european

Behavioral Research Theories

Describe the "Behavior of Nonhuman Animals" research.What is the main problem with this research?

used female rats given high doses of Androgens.They tried to mate with female rats as males did. So, male hormones make females act like males.

The "altered" rat is the "lesbian" rat. Why not judge the "Normal" rat for it's submissive behavior?

Behavioral Research Theories

Describe the main assumption and evidence behind "Prenatal Hormone Exposure" theory.

Exposure to male/female hormones in the womb must be what masculinize/feminize us, leading to atypical gender behavior. For example, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is evidence of too much/ too little hormones leading to atypical developement of the brain/body.

Behavioral Research Theories

Describe the "Sex Differences/Hormonaly Mediated Traits" theory. What does it assume? Give an example.

Assumes that males and females have physical and mental differences as a result of how hormones have mediated their growth in different ways.

For example, laterilization of the male brain may make him better at spatial tasks. Gay men (like women?) have less spatial ability.

Behavioral Research Theories

Describe the "Handedness" theory.

Males are more likely to be left handed.

CAH women and Lesbians however are ALSO more likely than women to be left handed.

Biological Research

Finger Length

singh study

-males have longer 2nd and 4th digit fingers caused by androgen hormone in the womb.

--comparison of butch vs femme lesbians showed that butch lesbians have longer 2nd and 4th digits aswell.

-have more gender atypical behaviors, could be related to more androgen in the womb, making them more like men?

Biological Research

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Study

Swab, Hoffman

SCN is 1.7x larger in gay men.

SCN is not related to sexuality, but does regulate circadian rythms.

Meaning unclear..

Biological Research

Interstitial Nucleus of Anterior Hypothalamus Study

Levay

• INAH has 4 regions.
• Study of gay/straight meales and females who all died of AIDS.
• INAH 3 is 2x bigger in straight men compared to gay men, followed by straight then gay women.
• So, size of INAH 3 is somehow related to masculinity.

Biological Research

Anterior Commissure Study

Allen/Gorski

Looked to the AC to explain sex differences.
AC = fibres that connect the two hemispheres of brain
AC is largest in gay males then straight women and men.
AC thickness related to Femininity

Biological Research

Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Study

Zhov et al

BNST biggest in:

straight males vs straight females

gay males vs gay females

BNST equal in:

trans men = trans females

*size of BNST related to emotion and sexual behavior.

Biological Research

Replication of Levay Study

Byne et al

sampled HIV + & - straight/ gay men and women.

*INAH1=gender not effected.

*INAH3=straight males bigger than gay males, straight females are smallest

so, it is more related to GENDER, not necceiarly orientation. Males have 60% more cells than females, which would explain the size difference.

1) sex differences are debateable

2) animal studies are stupid, they don't express sexuality the same way humans do.

3) gender non conformity is the strongest biological theory, which  has nothing to do really with behavior.

4) Lesbians are not researched enough to gain true answers

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

Kallman Study

DZ {    gay exclusive    11.5% concordance

       gay any amount    42.3% concordance

MZ { Gay any amount  100% concordance

highly criticized!!

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

King & Mcdonald- concordance %

mz 25%

dz 12%

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

Daily & Pillard Studies

Study 1

MonoZ: 52%   Adoptd:  11%

DiZ:      22%  Bio Sibs: 9.2%

Adopted siblings have more of a chance than biological siblings to be concordantly homosexual, this is NOT consistant with heretibility theory, more socialization.

Study 2

Controlled for gender and found that genetics were at play for the FEMALE sample only..

Genetic Theories: Twin Studies

Kendler, Thorton, Gilman, Kessler Study

HUGE study. Thousands of px.

same sex MZ: 31.6%

opp.  sex DZ: 13.3%

MZ + sib: 21.4%

DZ + sib: 15.1%

Clearly, Monozygotes have a much higher concordance rate, even with non twin siblings, shows that gayness is in fact heritable.

Genetic Theories: Pedigree

Hamer et al. Pedigree Analyses

What did they find?

Gay men with gay siblings recalled more family members on the mothers side that were gay.

xChromosone from mothers side was isolated for all subjects and found "xq28" genetic code similarity, 5 gentic markers total. The gay gene?

 REPLICATED BY 2 OTHERS AND FOUND NO EVIDENCE OF GENE IN LESBIAN AND GAY SAMPLES..

Vangelist and Daly's study revealed 3 important truths about the female perspective on intimate relationships:

1) women report more problems than men

2) more lonely in marriage

3)initiate more seperation

1) different cultures model

2)different experiences model

^Burlson

Men and women approach relationships from 2 seperate cultural perspectives.

Women: aware of relational issues, complex emotional views

Men: indepenent, shared activities, positive instrumental behavior:chores, labour division

Describe the Different Experiences Model

Men and Women enter relationships with similar standards but have a different experience.

Womens experience is from a caretaker role, meeting the emotional expectations for her partner. Men are therefore more likely to have their needs met.

More likely to express appreciation for their partner  because they have better nonverbal communication skills. Creates a system in which men will always be more satisfied.