Term
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Definition
| The juducial determination of a legal sanction upon a person convicted of an offence (KNOW IT) |
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Term
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Definition
-Most comprehensive reform in law of sentencing in Canadian History
-prior to this judges had limited guidance in sentencing
created 718 of criminal code in Canada |
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Term
Puropose Vs Principle
The Fundamental Purpose = |
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Definition
| Purpose: Why we are sentencing, respect for the law, maintenance of just peaceful and safe society by imposing these sanctions. |
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Term
| Reasons for Sentencing: = Purposes - IMPORTANT |
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Definition
1: to denounce unlawful conduct, say crime is not socially acceptable
2: dettereance of offender and others from committing offences - creating fear among the public
3: to separate offender from society |
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Term
| More reasons for sentencing - purpose |
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Definition
4: assist in rehabilitating offenders
5: provide reparations of harm done to community / victims
6: promote a sense of responsibility in the offenders and acknowledge the harm done |
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Term
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Definition
| Problem - some are contradictory with biggest problem as sentencing disparity |
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Term
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Definition
Systematic (among judges): consistent disagreement among judges about sentencing
Unsystematic (within):a given judges inconsistent judging over similar cases stemming from mood / situations / paying more attention... |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 judges, 13 scenarios, rated aspects of the crime and gave a sentence, returned two months later and repeated procedure |
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Term
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Definition
1: good agreement about severity of crime
2: some sentencing disparity
3: judges gave milder sentences for shorter crimes and severe sentences for harder crimes |
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Term
| Fundamental PRINCIPLE section 718.a - total of 5 |
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Definition
| a sentence must be proportionate to the gravity of the offense and the degree of the responsibilty of the offender (how serious is is to the person - age NCRMD mens Rea - US does not take into account the degree of responsibility) |
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Term
| Sentencing Principles 1: aggravating and mitigating |
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Definition
| 1: a sentence is inreased / decreased based on relevant AGGRAVATING OR MITIGATING circumstance |
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Term
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Definition
| -it does not discharge the person, but reduces penalty of offence (admit guilt / first time offender |
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Term
Aggravating: (whats aggravating and mitigating and name two examples)
-attack on the two women was not deemed a hate crime |
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Definition
| Increases seriousness or outrageousness of a crime = increases penalty or punishment (hate crime, crime motivated by bias, abuse of authority, used a weapon, victim is young offender) |
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Term
| Aggravating Circumstances- Crimes motivated by Hate or bias result in the harsher then average penalty - 2 men got 18 and 3 got 15 years (two to three times the 5 year typical sentence) |
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Definition
E.g. R.v. Miloszewski (1996) manslaughter charge - typical sentence 5 years
-crown established that the crime was motivated by hate |
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Term
| Sentencing Principle 2: similar offences = similar convictions |
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Definition
| Sentences should be similar for similar offenders committing similar offences under similar circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| when theres consecutive sentences, the crime combined sentence should not be unduly harsh or long |
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Term
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Definition
| Keep the individual in least restrictive facility. The offender should not be deprived of liberty is less restrictive sanction are appropriate. |
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Term
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Definition
| If reasonable, sanctions other then imprisonment should be considered - CREATIVE SENTENCES |
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Term
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Definition
Absolute and Conditional Discharge
Probation
Restitution
Fines and Community Services
Conditional Sentence
Intermittment Imprisonment
Imprisonment |
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Term
| Absolute and Conditional Discharge |
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Definition
Considerations : 1 - best interest of the offender, 2 - not contrary to public interest
Exclusion: Offence with minimum sentence (e.g. minimum 14 years) |
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Term
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Definition
| Offender follows certain rules for a specified length of time as set out in probation order. When duration is done, the discharge becomes absolute. If conditions not followed, the offender can be convicted of original offence. |
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Term
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Definition
-person deemed not to have been convicted although has been found "guilty"
the offender not charged with the offense |
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Term
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Definition
| May be imposed on its own or with jail time (given a set of conditions) cannot be longer then 3 years. If they offend, they're back in jail for remaining sentence |
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Term
| Probation: Mandatory Conditions |
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Definition
1: keep peace and good behavior
2: appear before court when required
3: notify court of any changes in address or employment |
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Term
| Probation: Operational COnditions: some can be applied |
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Definition
1: report to probation officer
2: remain within juridiction of the court - no vacation
3: no alcohol or drugs - may undergo testing
4: abstain from carrying weapons |
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Term
| Operational conditions of probation - |
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Definition
Provide for dependants
-perform community service
-treatment programs participations |
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Term
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Definition
| - punishable by a term of imprisonment of two years |
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Term
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Definition
| Payment made by offender to cover expenses of crime / damage - done through the civil court - NOT THROUGH CRIMINAL COURTS |
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Term
Fines and Community Services
-Minimum term sentences Excluded |
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Definition
Most frequent sentencing option in canada
- 45% of convicted adults fined
-can be a sanction on its own or with something |
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Term
| Conditional Sentence - diff from conditional discharge - these individuals are found guilty |
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Definition
- prison sentence served in the community
- not avaialble for offenders who are given more then 2 years in jail - have to be considered not a threat to public |
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Term
| Condition Sentence - Mandatory Conditions and Operational COnditions |
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Definition
| Exact same as probation slides. Called supervisors instead of probation officers |
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Term
| Conditional Sentence Violation |
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Definition
| Suspension cancelled, may be required to serve remainder of sentence in jail |
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Term
| Intermittent Imprisonment |
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Definition
| Only for a term of imprisonment for 90 days or less. Court specifies dates when prisonment is served. When not in custody, they have PROBATION ORDERS to follow |
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Term
| Gov't approach is balanced, includes tough-risk measures for violent offenders |
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Definition
| But encourages appropriate use of community alternatives for less convicted offenders |
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Term
Avg sentencing time : 28.4 years
Imprisonment |
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Definition
| Most serious and last resort option |
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Term
| Summary Conviction Offences |
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Definition
| Least serious, maximum term is 6 months, up to 5k or both |
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Term
| Indictable Conviction Offenses |
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Definition
More serious, prison term varies, some have minimum term, most serious penalty is life imprisonment
Life imprisonment mandatory for 1st / 2nd degree murder, robery, aggravated sexual assault. |
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Term
| Long Term Offender Criteria |
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Definition
1: Appropriate sentence of 2 years or more
2: "substantial risk" that the offender will reoffend
3: there is a possibility of eventual control of risk in community |
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Term
| Dangerous Offender Declaration: convicted of a "Serious personal injury offence" |
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Definition
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Term
| Dangerous Offender Declaration |
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Definition
Dangerousness:
1: patter of unrestrained beh
2: pattern of aggressive beh with indifference to consequences
3: brutal nature beh |
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Term
| Dangerous Offender Declaration: |
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Definition
| Indefinite period of incarceration, parole eligibility review = every two years after 7 years of incarceration |
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Term
Parole:
Parole Eligibility Dates |
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Definition
An option to all offenders
After an offender serves first 1/3 of their sentence or 7 years, whichever is less. In lifetime, parole after 25 years |
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Term
Goal of Parole Decisions
Long and short term |
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Definition
Goal: Public Safety
Short Term: risk to society if offender released
Long Term: COnsiders if parole would help offender return to communit as a law abiding citizen |
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Term
| Parole Decision Considerations: 1/3 into sentence |
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Definition
All available info given to risk assessment parole board - to make LEAST RESTRICTIVE CHOICE
-offenders are given access to info regarding decision (everything is transparent) |
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Term
Other releases:
Temporary Absence: at any point
Day Parole: 6 months into sentence
Statutory Release: 2/3 into sentence |
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Definition
Temporary Absence - granted for some reasons (medical. Different Kinds (1-Escorted (at any time in sentence), 2- Unescorted - Max sentence = none at all, 2-3 years sentence = 6 months) People with life sentence can apply for UTA 3 years before parole eligibility (7 years of 1/3 of sentence)
Day Parole - Same as UTA
Statutory Release: automatic release 2/3 into sentence. You are under probation but warrant expires on |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who complete Day parole to obtain full parole are less likely to reoffend then inmates given mandatory statutory release without an day paroles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identify people liekly to commit violence, Purpose to prevent violence, But predicting future behavior is extremely difficult BECAUSE triggers come from the enviornment- so many factors lead to behavior . we have problems taking group data and matching it to a single individual |
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Term
| Risk Assessment Responsivity: |
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Definition
Risk Principle: Match Service to Risk (high risk = high level treatment intervention)
Criminogenic Needs Principle: Intervention should target criminogenic needs (things that can change) to reduce risk of recidivism
Responsivity Principle:
-General Responsivity: cognitive behavior techniques to learn new beh
-Specific Responsivity:adaopt general techniques to specific offender characteristics - tailored to gender / beh |
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Term
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Definition
Static Risk Factors: - can't change - biological factors
Dynamic Risk Factors - things we can change - e.g. substance use.
Acute, short term (hours to days), long term (3 weeks to years), direct vs proximal. Criminogenic needs are things we can change |
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Term
Central Eight: The Big 4, the Moderate 4
One of the big problems of risk assessment is taking current crime into consideration (you shouldn't |
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Definition
Big 4: History of Antisocial Beh, Antisocial personality patterns (psychopathy), Antisocial Cognition (throughts or beliefs that approve of the crime), antisocial associates
Moderate 4 - family / marital status (stability), school / work, leisure / recreation, substance abuse |
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Term
| History of Risk Assessment |
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Definition
1st Gen - Clinical Opinion - informal, using non observable criteria. 50% recidivism rate prediction
2nd Gen - actuarial / static risk - long term factors (do not say how to stop beh)
3rd Gen - Risk / Need Scale - level of service inventory: static and dynamic items related to criminal conduct
4th Gen - assessment and case management |
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Term
Comparison of Measures
2nd gen > 3rd gen for predicting institutional violence
3rd>2nd for violent recidivism
4th gen largest predictor of violent recidivism |
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Definition
Actuarial Scale - VRAG, PCL, PCL-R, SIR Scale
3rd Gen - HCR-20, :SI-R
4th Gen - LSI/CM |
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Term
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Definition
| PCL-R predicts general and violent recidivism but improved by considering other risk factors. Not universal (better predicts caucaisan women)- theres a cutoff score at 30 |
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Term
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Definition
1: Psychopathological perspective of Antisocial Behavior (ASB)
2: Clinical judgement- many refuse empirical methods of risk assessment
3: poor use of sclaes (cut off zones)
4: skepticism |
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Term
| Male Sexual Offender Risk Assessment |
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Definition
Static Risk Factors
High risk if: prior sex offences (enduring interest in deviant sexual activity),
Age (young means more risk)
Biggest predictors of Sexual Recidivism:
1: Enduring interest in deviant sexual activity and 2: willingnes to disregard the rights of others. |
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Term
| Dynamic Factors of Sex offenders: |
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Definition
| Self regulation, sex as coping, intimacy defecits, time spent thinking of sex |
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Term
| Acute Dynamic Factors of Sexuak Offenders |
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Definition
| Sexual Preoccupation, substance abuse, victim access |
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Term
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Definition
| Major mental Illness, degree of victim injury, level of intrusiveness, victim empathy |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanical Predictions - Tools combine pre-specified risk factors - independent clinical judgement
-with mathematical model - each risk factor has diff weight |
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Term
| VRAG - Violence Risk Appraisal Guide |
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Definition
-12 item measure - best predictors of violence
-evaluates long term risk of offenders |
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Term
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Definition
1: PCL-R-psychopathy checklist
2: Elementary School Maladjustment
3: Diagnosis of personality disorder ( DSM portion)
4: Age at first offence
5:Separation from biological Partents (age 16) - increased risk
6: Failure on Prior conditional release (best predictor of of future violence is past violence |
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Term
| VRAG Items measured continued: A score of 28 or more have shown 100% recidivism |
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Definition
7: prior non-violent offences
8: marital status at time of offence
9: diagnosis of scizophrenia (lower risk for violence) - wasnt undercontrol at time of risk, but not that it is, its not a problem for future risk.
10:Victim injury: more victim injury = increased VRAG score
11: history of alchohol problems: substance abuse
12:Victim Gender: Male more likely to have recidivism
12: |
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Term
| SORAG (Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide |
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Definition
-Same as VRAG except it adds:
1: history of sexual offences
2: phallometric test results |
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Term
| #1 risk for violence = previous violence |
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Definition
| #2 is Psychopathy (does not mean you are violent but that you are at a high risk for it) |
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Term
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Definition
| There are changing definitions: Includes interpersonal, emotional, and behavioral elements (1941 Cleckley's definition - similar to todays) |
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Term
| 1952 first DSM came out - |
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Definition
| renamed Psychopathy sociopathic personality disturbance . Renamed in DSM 3 and 4 as Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) |
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Term
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Definition
Defnition heavily based on BEHAVIOUR
-instead of AFFECTIVE and interpersonal (charming/superficial) features which are very important on the description of the psychopath |
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Term
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Definition
| Its more inline with original definition and is the standard today |
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Term
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Definition
Sociopath- somewhat applies the Antiosocial Personality Disorder (sociopaths have an anti society orientation - such that they do not adhere to societal rules but still may have a conscience - psychopaths have no conscience)
sociopath is specific for APD |
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Term
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Definition
| -personality disorder, contains continuous variables, based on personality traITS instead of OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR (because its a personality disorder) |
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Term
| Psychopaths are not all violent criminals. 0.6% OF PEOPLE ARE PSYCHOPATHS, OF THE 0.6% HALF ARE VIOLENT, HALF ARE NOT |
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Definition
| iT MAKES YOU at a high risk for violence but not necessarily violent |
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Term
Hare's Psychopathy Checlkist (PCL-R)
Factor 1 (Personality Affective and Interpersonal Features)
Factor 2 ( Case History -- Behavior) |
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Definition
Factor 1: selfish, callous and remorseless use of others
Factor 2: Chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle.
Facotr 1 is genetic, factor 2 is all things linked to the environment that predict psychopathy |
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Term
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Definition
21 Item clinical rating scale
Each item reflects a different symptom or characteristic of psychopathy
-Items rated on 3 point scale
0=doesn't apply
1 = somewhat applies
2= definitely applies |
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Term
| PCL-R items are rated on the basis of the PERSON"S LIFETIME functioning, not on the person's PRESENT STATE |
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Definition
this why its not good to measure chan ging or improving conditions in prison. Because it assess stable and durable factors. PCL-R based on a scale of 0-40 to check how much person resembles the typical psychopath.
Scoring item requires clinical JUDGEMENT and influence. |
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Term
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Definition
Cutoff score or 30 or grater diagnoses Psychopathy
-long term judgement
-so change during incarceration cannot be measured with PCL-r
-First result is the most reliable one |
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Term
| Factor 1 : Interpersonal / Emotional - More genetic Pscycopathy. Glibness / Superficial Charm & Grandiose Sense of Self Worth |
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Definition
1: Glibness and superficial charm: Emotions that do not appear genuine/attempts to portray themselves in a goodlight using technical jargon / engaging conversations and free of social conventions (don't pause when others talking)
2: Grandiose Sense of Self-worth : aka arrogant inflated ego, opiniated, exaggerates status and reputation, displays little concern for future |
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Term
| Factor 1: Pathological Lying / Conning and Manipulative |
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Definition
3: Pathological lying - fabricated elaborate lies, lies with ease, motivated by extrinsic gains, may be motivated by enjoyment derived from lying.
4:Conning / Manipulative - Deceit and deception to cheat and manipulate
scams are motivated by personal gains, cool and self assured |
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Term
| Factor 1: 5 -Lack of Remorse or Guilt / 6- Shallow Effect, |
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Definition
5: -Lack of remorse or GUilt: sense of pride over comiting crime, no conscience, or sense of guilt
6: Shallow Affect : emotionally cold and does not appear to experience normal range of emotions. emotions are insincere and dramatic and short lived |
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Term
| Factor 1: 7 - Callous / Lack of Empathy 8 - Failure to accept responsibility for own actions |
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Definition
| 7: Callous lack of empathy - insensitive an cruel disregad for feelings and welfares of others (sees others as objects to be manipulated - suffereing of others is appreciated), 8 - Failure to accept responsibility for own actions : Say victims are exaggerating injuries, manipulate others through this denial - denying accusations |
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Term
| Factor 2: Behavioral -- 9: Need for stimulation / prone to boredom. 10 - Parasitic Lifestyle |
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Definition
9: excessive need for novel exciting stimulation. Engages in high risk beh, could lead to substance abuse
10:Intentionally financially dependent on others. Presents them selves as helpless (exploting victims weakness and manipulate to avoid jobs) |
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Term
| Factor 2: 11: Lack of Realistic Long Term Goals, 12: Impulsivity |
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Definition
11: Inability or unwillingness to carry out long term plans, lives day to day, specific goals mentioned are unrealistic (because they get bored and seek novelty)
12: Impulsivity - lack reflection or forethought. fail to consider consequences of actions - breaking relations / quitting jobs / moving without notice to others |
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Term
| Factor 2: 13 - Irresponsibility, 14 - Juvenile Delinquency |
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Definition
13: fails to fulfill obligations and committments, no sense of loyalty, could lead to poor business relations,
14: After 12 before 17, History of serious Antisocial Behavior (need to have an arrest for something) |
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Term
| Factor 2: 15 -Poor Behavioral Controls & 16 - Revocation of conditional release. |
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Definition
15 - Poor Behavioral Controls - short tempered, and easily becomes angry. often responding to frustration and criticism with abuse or violence
16: as an adult violates conditions of release or escaped correctional institutional |
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Term
| Factor 2: 17 -Early Behavioural Problems & 18 - Criminal Veraslity |
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Definition
| 17 - Before age of 12 serious conduct problems, consistent cheating / lying / theft / robbery. 18-Diversity in the types of crimes committeed , takes pride in getting away with crimes |
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Term
| INDEPENDENT ITEMS not depending on factor 1 or 2: 19 -Promiscuous Sexual Beh 20- Many short term marital relationships 21 - Acquired Behavioral Sociopathy (Social Conditioning) |
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Definition
| 19- frequent one night stands, more likely to move from partner to partner / 20 - lack of committment to a long term relationship, including formal or common law relationships (under 30 with 3 or more relationships = 2, 2 relationships =1 / 21 - new identified trait (person relies on sociological tricks to decieve) |
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Term
| The Psycopath - PCL-r officially have 4 factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, 2.b) |
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Definition
-Primary Psychopaths = Factor 1 traits
-Secondary Pychopaths: Majority of Factor 2 traits |
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Term
| Primary Psychopaths (Factors 1a and 1b) |
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Definition
-Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) - pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy
-Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) - pattern of excessive emotionality, and attention seeking / need for approval and Inappropriate seductiveness |
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Term
Secondary Psychopaths (2a and 2b)
ASPD and Criminality |
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Definition
ASPD ( pattern of disregard / violation of rights of other: begins around childhood or early adolescence and continues to adulthood)
-Criminality = Propensity towards crime, higher risk of future violence (more responsive to treatment vs primary psychopaths)
2nd psychopaths have more fear / anxiety / negative emotions. More impulsive and reactive with anger and aggressions. Some research says 2nd psychopaths may have experienced child abuse. |
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Term
| What do Psychopaths look like: |
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Definition
Common Across All:
Selfish Orientation
Profound Emotional Defecit
Little or no concsience |
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Term
| Psychopaths: about 0.6% of population (30+ on PCL-R). Also correlates with: |
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Definition
| Being male, violent beh, inccarceration, drug dependance, and DSM personality disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Stay on the RIGHT SIDE OF THE LAW
May be MORE INTELLIGENT AND LESS VIOLENT (does not mean that they are not violent, just that they don't get caught) |
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Term
| High Functioning Psychopaths (e.g. Bernie Madoff) |
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Definition
| Fundamental personality traits of psychopaths - leading to something well in non-criminal setting. Great in business world. COmmerce and business students score higher then arts / science and law studens in psychopath traits. These people are more agressive, but not violent at all. |
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Term
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Definition
Some psychopathic tendencies valued by society: Corporate ceo's of america have 2.4% to 5.4% psychopathy
-4 to 9 times higher the general population |
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Term
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Definition
1 - Genetics
2 - Neuroanatomy
3 - Environment
All interact together to make psychopathy. |
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Term
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Definition
Factor A (callous unemotional characteristics and ASB have heritable component.
-individuals predisposed form birth
-Low MAOA activity = factor 1 trait scores high
MAOA associated with break down of dopamine and serotonin
-Extreme Abnormalities result in SEVERE IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR
-bRUNNERS SYNDROME = low activity in MAOA - does not eman you are psychopath |
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Term
| Neuroanatomy: Phineas Gage |
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Definition
Phinease Gage: Accident damaged prefrontal cortex -led to loss of inhibiton or higher planning. Went from well tempered to impulsive and irresponsible / sexually promiscuous.
-ORBITAL FRONTAL CORTEX specifically plays role in mediating psychopathic beh
-damage to orbital frontal cortex leads to pseudopsychopathy |
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Term
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Definition
Amygdala reponsible for EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION AND REGULATION. damage leads to difficulty processing emotional stimuli
have trouble : recognizing emotions / lead to untrustworthy attitudes, have bad decision making skills |
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Term
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Definition
W/o environmental factor, you're less likely to become a psychopath.
1: Children with psychopathic experience (mothers have a level of psychopathy = so they dont devote emotions to themselves)
2: ugly babies (with psychopathy = no emotions) = emotional deprivation. = weak ties to their mother
3; Abuse (childhood physical, emotional, sexual)
4: parental alcoholism
5: Neglect: CHildren learn to intearct socially at home. SO this shapes them
6: chronic / stress leads to irreversible damage to the amygdala (= lack of empathy)
7: coping mechanism = turning off of emotions - lack of interpersonal relationships (more important for 2nd ) |
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Term
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Definition
| Males more likely to get psychopathy genetically due to sex linked x chromosome trait of MAOA. |
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Term
| Treatment of Psychopathy: |
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Definition
| Little efficacy. kids are not good at taking medicine , the more they learn the less likely they want to change. |
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Term
| Link b/w psychopaths and crime: |
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Definition
-HIGH RISK of recidivism and SMALL likelyhood of rehabilitation.
-Psychopaths 2.5x more successful then offenders in parole applications |
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Term
| PD (personality disorder) vs Psychopathy |
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Definition
All psychopaths likely qualify for PD (ASPD, NPD, HPD), not all PD's are psychopaths.
ASPD is diagnosed in 50% of criminals (not just psychopaths) |
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Term
| Links b/w psychopath and Crime:Lack of empathy and poor behavioral conrol results in |
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Definition
1: Reactive violence
2: predatory violence
3: Premeditatory violence
from least to most dangerous.
Psychopathic offenders commit more crimes (get bored), commit a greater variety of crimes, are more violent during commission of crime (no emotion) |
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Term
| Factor 2 characteristics are most predictive of |
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Definition
| Antisocial conduct = so previous behavior is the best predictor of future behavior |
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Term
| Violence : Instrumental and Reactive. Why is INstrumental more the reactive |
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Definition
PRIMARY PREDICTOR used by clinicians o determine risk for future violence
Instrumental Violence - Used to obtain a goal - Psychopaths use this more
Reactive - in response to a perceived threat
Nearly all murders by psychopaths are carefully planned (premeditated) and are not reactive crimes. ....why? Willingness to manipulate and unemotional stem from factor 1 |
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Term
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Definition
Majority of sexual offender are NOT PSYCHOPATHS
-majority of psychopaths commit FEW TO NO acts of sexual violence
-but if a psychopathic personality is combined with premeditation towards sexual aggression (bad) |
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Term
| Psychopaths and Sex Crimes |
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Definition
A large # of Sexual Homicides are perpatrated by male psychopath - not a majority though
- Sexual offenders with higher level of unemotional traits - more victims, more violence, more planning before sex = worse |
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Term
| The Sexual Psychopath aggression is distinct, how? |
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Definition
1: diverse forms of sexual offending.
2: primarily THRILL SEEKING motivation
3: excessive violence |
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Term
| 1: diverse forms of sexual offending: |
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Definition
| engage in a wide variety of sexual activities with many partners (for novelty) |
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Term
| 2: primarily thrill seeking motivation |
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Definition
| two types of motivation: 1: sexual deviance 2 : thrill seeking ( this is more powerful) |
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Term
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Definition
| Majority of rapists have negative feelings, in sexual psychopaths, theres an INVERSE relationship b/w psychopathy and negative emotions immediately before sex offence). They commit crime unemotionally. More likely to have a POSITIVE affective state (Excitement) before their crime |
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Term
| Sadism:deriving pleasure from someones pain. Cooccurence with psychopathy leads to high recidivism. 20% correlation rate b.w two |
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Definition
Psychopaths and sadism are NOT the same thing, they can be independent conditions.
Sadism+psychopathy+sexual offender = bad) |
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Term
| Psychosexual Gratification or Need |
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Definition
-Sexual aspect to crime. Sex is most often SECONDARY TO power, control and domnation
-FANTASY fuels most predatory crimes
-powelessness overcome by controlling
-usually they will COLLECT TROPHIES to remember |
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Term
| Violent Sexual Psychopath Characteristics: |
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Definition
-Abused sexually / physically as children
-Abandoned by fathers as chiled (raised by domineering mother)
-Families have criminal /psychiatric / alcoholic histories
-many spend time in institutions as children
-high rates of attempted suicide |
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Term
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Definition
1:Fascinated with starting fire
2: Involved in sadistic activity or tormenting small creatures
3: over 60% wet beds after age of 15 |
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Term
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Definition
- pyromania - watch something burn
- recieve sexual gratification - pyrophilia |
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Term
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Definition
| -animal abuse - rehearsal for future crime |
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Term
| 3: Wetting bed after age of 15 - |
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Definition
| -sexual side - instead of nocturnal emissions the person wets the bed when they have a sex dream - can lead to urophilia. wetting replaces ejaculatio |
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Term
| Anger Excitation Rapist aka Sexual sadists - derive sexual gratification from inflicting pain NEED TO BE PSYCHOPATHIC NON-EMOTIONAL AND SADIST - 5% OF RAPISTS FIT THIS DESCRIPTION |
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Definition
- most violent rapists
-highly ritualistic crimes (premeditated order)
-fantasies involve master - slave relationship
-METHODICALLY PLANNED - to get out trick then into untying by mathich wits (really smart) |
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Term
| Psychopathic Serial Killers - |
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Definition
3 or more murders over a period of 30 days or more
-"cooling off" period between each murder
-generally target strangers
-consistency in victim profile
-PSYCHOSEXUAL GRATIFICATION OF NEED IS ESSENTIAL IN THIS
PROBLEM: what if you catch him after 2 kills |
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Term
| Spree Killer: aka Rampage killer |
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Definition
Murderous assault in short time
-DIFFERENT, INDISCRIMINATE LOCATIONS, MASS MURDERERS ARE ONE LOCATION
-no cooling off period - they don't have psychosexual gratification needs |
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Term
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Definition
Victims are generally strangers - trying to send a message (high suicide rate) - often suicide by cop
-often exhibited interest in violence
-you need to have 2 or more locations with no time difference between aka virgina tech massacre |
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Term
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Definition
-murder of 4 or more victims at ONE LOCATION WITHIN ONE EVENT
-PUBLICITY OF MULTIPLE DEATHS PROMOTE MORE
-plagued by personal fail |
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Term
| Spree killers / Mass Murderes / Serial killers (sadistic Rapists) |
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Definition
1: the psychological makeup
2: psychosexual gratification - cooling off period - MO versus ritual /signature
4: nature of mental illness (diff in each |
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Term
| Criminal Profiling: Behavioral and Geographic profiling vs Criminal Profiling |
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Definition
Behavioral / Geographic Profiling = types of criminal or types of offender profiling
Criminal Profiling - inference of OFFENDER characteristics from OFFENCE CHARACTERISTICS - take info from case and derive it to offender |
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Term
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Definition
Profiling - to organize / explain sense of apparent crime scene
Attempts to Analyze crime scenes in order to gain an understanding of personality / behavioral / motivational characteristics. |
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Term
| What is Criminal Profiling Used for? |
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Definition
Offered as a SUPPORT SERVICE (not the main piece of evidence)
-prioritizes large numbers of suspects to organize the work
-focus on most probable suspects
-limit potential victimization |
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Term
| Criminal Investigative Process: |
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Definition
Find the offender:
1: Collecting suspects (using Public (tips/witness/informants/family) and Databases (Criminal records/police files/DMV)
2:Prioritize
a: Physical description
b: Behavior (general / specific)
c: Georgraphy: (general / specific)
3: Evaluate
a: Means (MO)
b: Motive
c: Opportunity - Alibi
PROVE GUILT - only through direct / indirect methods: Witness / Confession / Physical evidence (DNA)
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8: |
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Term
| Types of Profiling Techniques: Intuitive vs. Computerized |
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Definition
Intuitive: - clinical - 50% chance of being true. clinical opinions are not reliable. statistical = underdeveloped
-Computerized: ViCLAS - computers / Geoprofiling |
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Term
| What do Intuitive Profilers Do? |
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Definition
Recognise crime scene dynamics associated with criminal personality types who commit similar offences
-Data collected is assesed, crime sequence reconstructed, theories developed and tested--recreate the event
-Provide investigators with personality composites / behavioral tendencies / demographic features
-expert testimonies ruled inadmissable so far (science is not proven) |
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Term
| Crimes where intuitive profiling is "suitable" |
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Definition
- offender has some crazy weird crime scene due to psychopathology
-unusual bizarre, violent, and repeitive crimes = bizarre profile
-mutilation / tortue
-ritualistic / satanic
-rapes /sadistic sexual assaults
-false rape alligations |
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Term
| Intuitive Profiling Characteristics: Underlying Assumptions - |
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Definition
1: Homology (agreement b/w personality & beh. - you are what you do)
2: Consistency - you should be doing same thing, b/c not easy to change who you are
Deals in probabilites - not certainties or predictions
Two Main Approaches:
1: clinical 2: statistical |
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Term
| Organized Crime Characteristics |
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Definition
| Planned, controlled convo w/ victim, scene reflects control, restraints used, aggressive prior to death, body hidden, weapon / evidence absent |
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Term
| Disorganized Crime Characteristics |
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Definition
| Spontaneous crime, minimal convo w/ victim, sloppy scene (not controlled), minimal restraints used, necrophilia, body left in view at scene, weapon present |
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Term
| Hypo Traits of Organized Killer |
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Definition
| Avg IQ, interpersonally competent (fooled person), prefers skilled work, sexually competent, inconsistent childhood discipline, controlled mood during crime, follows media / accounts of crime, high geographic mobility |
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Term
| Hypo Traits of DisOrganized Killer |
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Definition
| Lower then avg IQ, interpersonally incompetent, Prefers unskilled work, sexually incompetent, Harsh childhood discipline, anxious mood during crime, minimal interests in news media, lives near crime scene |
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Term
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Definition
Young offender transition to organized predator
-situational factors - can't control victim = improvised bed
-more then one Person |
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Term
| Other Classification Types: Motives for crimes |
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Definition
| Motives for crimes: Visionary (hear voices), mission oriented( kill unworthy people), hedonistic (love killing), power oriented (like capturing and feeling powerful) |
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Term
| Other Classification Types: Sex offender Typologies: |
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Definition
Power assertive, power assurance - both dont intend to kill, only rape. but killin occurs in the process.
Anger retaliatory (she doesnt enjoy it), anger excitation |
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Term
| Hunting Process of Serial sex Offender: |
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Definition
Hunters(hunt for victims in geographic area), poacher (hunting outside of geographic area), troller (opportunistic in their daily routine), trapper (lure victims into their safe environment)
Raptor, stalker, ambusher (attacking in controlled environment) |
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Term
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Definition
1: Data Assimilation
2: Crime Classification (organized / disorganized...poacher / hunter...)
3: Crime Reconstruction in temporal distance
4: Profile Generation (who did this) |
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Term
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Definition
| Police report, crime scene photographs, autopsy reports, victimology, neighborhood infor - NO UNCERTAIN INFORMATION (all has to be CERTAIN) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking Direct Behavior. Crime reflect the personality of the individual.. BEHAVIOR REFLECTS PERSONALITY . the action before during and after represent you. what did offender do / choose not to do. (signature) |
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Term
| Creating a profile:: Inductive / Deductive reasoning. |
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Definition
Inductive Reasoning:predictions about offender, on statistical comparison to similar offennders, Problem = representative sample - not many people commit exact same crimes
Deductive Reasoning: Predictions about offender based on crime scene evidence- Problem: where do you start / what do you compare it to? |
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Term
| Purpose of Modus Operandi vs Signature |
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Definition
1: M.O. - How you went about ding the crime - get better w/ experience. to Ensure success, PROTECT IDENTITY / GOAL TO NOT GET CAUGHT (ESCAPE)
2: Signature / Ritual - Purpose = Psychosexual gratification - feel need to kill, fantay based, unique personal expression |
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Term
| Profiling outputs include: |
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Definition
| Age, race, sex, education / ses, method of transport, employment, physical characteristics/ degree of organization... |
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Term
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Definition
| Empirically valid (research based), non discriminatory, avoiding fallacies to make sure its verifiable, Probabilites must be distinguished, Should be consistently evaluated. |
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Term
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Definition
Not Empirically valid, often relies on stereotypes (racial profiling), makes use of ecological fallacies, ratio are confused, found to be unreliable.
Basic assumptions have been discredited: behavior more predicted by situation then by personality. no correlation b/w demographics and characteristiccs of crime |
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Term
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Definition
RCMP + OPP joint effort of detailed database of crimes (solved / unsolved)
Addresses Linkage Boundaries (the loss in connection due to borders of similar crimes occurring)- due to lack of comunication between jurisdictions |
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Term
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Definition
| It's only as reliable as the data entry since users input that: Head officers viewed solved case including repors. Interrater Aggrement (across officers - 30.77%, acceptable scientif level is greater then 80%) |
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Term
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Definition
Analyzes linked crime location to determine the most probable area of offender residence.
This is to find where the are located, not to predict future crime/just where they live |
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Term
| Anchor Point and Buffer Zone |
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Definition
| Bimodal Plot of Distance Vs Probability of target selection. With a buffer zone in the middle of where they live. Where they would likely not commit the crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unimodal graph of distance vs probability of location of future crime scene with crime scene in the midal. The further you are from the exisitng crime site, the less likely it will be location of a future crime |
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Term
| Brantingham Crime Pattern Theory: |
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Definition
| Crime location are not distributed in space randomly, they're influenced by features and road networks of the physical environment. Understanding these patterns provides mean for determing most probable area of offender residence e.g. using arterial routes if you have transportation available. or bus stops for local access. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you input crime sires into the system a jeopard surface is generated of most likely and least likely areas of offender residence probability. |
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Term
| Review the last 3 slides of Lecture 10 |
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Definition
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