Term
| Hans Eysenck's Three Dimensions of Personality (name the "supertraits"/dimensions) |
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Definition
extraversion
neuroticism
psychoticism |
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Term
| Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality |
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Definition
Level 1: specific responses
Level 2: habitual responses
Level 3: trait
Level 4: supertrait |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral inhibition system (stop!)
guards against threats
Once activated, makes you vigilant, fearful, anxious
Associated with right frontal cortex activity
Associated with the amygdala
Associated with Neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral approach system (activation system) (GO!)
Associated with impulsivity, promise of positive affect
Associated with left frontal cortex activity
Associated with dopamine (“reward” neurotransmitter)
Associated with Extraversion |
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Term
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Definition
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Carl Jung
measure preferences, "your preferred way"
attitudes (External, internal)
taking in info (sensing, intuiting)
making decisions (thinking, feeling)
experience world (judging, perceiving) |
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Term
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Definition
| children, generally egocentric/narcissistic, normal developmental pattern, younger aged |
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Term
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Definition
| in adults, cause by problematic primary caretaker relationships, "defensive grandeur" |
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Term
| Overt vs Covert Narcissism |
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Definition
Overt: exhibitionism, self-importance, attention and admiration seeking
Covert: anxious, inhibited, outwardly self-effacing, inwardly (~ unconsciously) grand |
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Term
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Definition
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder: a lasting pattern of behavior and inner experience that markedly differs from a person’s culture. inappropriate emotions or thoughts, behaviors inherent in person's psych. makeup |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
Mischel says trait psychology commits this error
attributes behavior to something inside the person, but self's behavior to situation |
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Term
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Definition
behavior is a function of the person and traits in interaction with the environment
sublets: mechanical, reciprocal interactionnism, traits as conditional statements |
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Term
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Definition
| nomothetic or normative = how you stand in comparison with others |
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Term
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Definition
| how you stand in comparison with your own (past) scores |
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Term
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Definition
what you might otherwise be
your "ideal" self |
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Term
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Definition
stylistic quality of psych. consistent pattern in how actions are performed (frequency, duration, intensity, threshold), foundation of individuality in later adult personality
appears to be biological in origin
some argue genetic.
moderate stability over time
modifiable through experience |
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Term
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Definition
| all your genes (your DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| genotype+environment. who you are = genes and (Shared and unique) environment |
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Term
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Definition
| how much genes contribute to individual differences in particular trait in particular population, more appropriate to GROUPS |
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Term
| Why are are adoption studies with identical twins important? |
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Definition
(1)same genes, different environments
(2) any difference in outcome is due to the effects of environment |
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Term
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Definition
(1)same genes, different environments
(2) any difference in outcome is due to the effects of environment
same environments, differences are due to effect of genes |
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Term
| Which traits are heritability estimates generally the highest for (name two of the five OCEAN traits)? |
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Definition
| Extraversion and Neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
heritability of traits doesn’t tell the whole story about personality
knowing that genes influence personality and behavior doesn’t mean we can’t change or intervene
van den Boom’s intervention study
knowing that genes influence personality and behavior removes parental blame
possibility for gene-based treatment and intervention
many social, political and moral implications to behavioral genetics |
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Term
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Definition
The person is motivated to be good, rational, and strive for happiness/ fulfillment
Rogers and Maslow |
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Term
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Definition
The person is motivated to be “bad,” often irrational
Freud |
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Term
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Definition
people are driven by a variety of motives that derive from a variety of sources
people are driven by a variety of motives that derive from a variety of sources
social motives |
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Term
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Definition
individual vs. society
importance of inner self
irrational (sensual, emotional, “natural”) aspect of human nature |
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Term
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Definition
science and technology
emphasis on moral order
social reform |
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Term
| Freud's First and Second Tenets/Principles |
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Definition
1&2 - Determinism and Drives
behavior is determined by drives (life insticts-libido, eros and death instincts-aggression, thanatos
cathexis: to invest energy (drives) in, object choice = "having" |
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Term
| Freud's Third Tenet/Principle |
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Definition
Conflict - experienced as anxiety
three types of anxiety
-realistic
-neurotic
-moral (superego)
anxiety is often adaptive! |
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Term
| Freud's Fourth Tenet/Principle |
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Definition
| Unconscious - topographical model, iceberg with id underwater, ego above and below and superego mostly above |
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Term
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Definition
(all unconscious)
pleasure principle (motive)
primary processes
reflex motor actions
wish fulfillment |
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Term
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Definition
(parts unconscious)
reality principle
secondary processes
realistic/logical thought
although can engage in fantasy/imagination
and does distort reality
defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
(part unconscious)
conscience (what not to do)
ego-ideal (what you should strive for) |
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Term
| developmental progression of Freud's structural theory |
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Definition
The Id - pleasure principle
biological evolution
present @ birth
The Ego - reality principle
cognitive development
develops during infancy
The Superego
socialization (parents, culture)
comes with resolution of the Oedipal crisis (3 - 6 years) |
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Term
| Freud's Developmental Stages |
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Definition
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital |
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Term
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Definition
object choice (“having”) is unconscious
for boys = mother
for girls = mother (and includes identification)
disappointment (no penis/penis envy) >> father
object choice blocked:
boys: castration anxiety
girls [for Freud, theoretically incomplete]: fear of loss of mother’s love; girls’ resolution/identification less certain
identification (“being like’): if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em Remember, with identification comes: • superego • sexual orientation |
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Term
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Definition
Freud claimed little sexual activity during latency (pre-puberty), but was wrong
Attraction: 9-10
Sexual desire: 11-12
First sexual behavior: 13 M, 15 F |
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Term
| Genital Stage and bisexuality/homosexuality |
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Definition
| According to Freud, bisexual, homosexual unions represent incomplete resolution of Oedipal conflict, incomplete identification |
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Term
| Object-relations theorists |
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Definition
| emphasize the ultimate goals of drives, the object |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasize the strength, drive, and wisdom of the ego |
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Term
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Definition
| interpret behaviors differently |
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Term
| object relations theorists |
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Definition
Freud over-emphasized drive satisfaction, underemphasized the “object” of drives
object = mental representation of a person toward whom a drive is directed
People are “object seekers”
Object relationships are important
Developmental course: from taking (self directed) to giving (other directed) |
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Term
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Definition
From autistic, omnipotent and undifferentiated at birth (no boundaries)
I am the world
to differentiation and individuality by age 2 (clear boundaries)
I am one person (object) who relates to others (other objects) |
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Term
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Definition
Development = a process of moving from illusion to disillusion (reality)
Transitional object = “a neutral area of experience which will not be challenged” |
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Term
| Winnicott's Rules to Transitional Objects |
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Definition
It belongs to the child and the child only
It’s cuddled and loved, yet sometimes abused
It must never change, unless by the infant.
From the point of view of the infant, it has no clear origins
Its fate is to be decathected, de-energized, not forgotten, but “relegated to limbo”
Winnicott claimed we never completely give up our illusions: play, art, religion |
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Term
| Chodrow's Interpretation of the Oedipal Complex, how boys and girls achieve masculinity/femininity |
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Definition
A child’s first attachment to the mother, or another woman caretaker...
For a boy to achieve a masculine identity, he must define masculinity in negative terms, as that which is not feminine
involves denying an attachment relationship
involves repressing/devaluing femininity
identification (relationship) with father is not always affectively satisfying
SEPARATION (autonomy) |
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Term
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Definition
call the "talking" cure
Free association is aimed at discovering unconscious processes
A patient’s reluctance or refusal to accept the analyst’s interpretation is called resistance |
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Term
| Transference (Freudian theory) |
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Definition
| patient treats the therapist as if the therapist were a significant figure (e.g., a parent) from his/her personal life |
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Term
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Definition
| patient brings out memories and feelings involving the therapist’s own life |
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Term
Pathological symptoms without organic cause
Argued to occur mostly in women
Originally argued to have origins in early sexual experiences |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Freud’s initial claim that his patients had, in fact, been sexually seduced (abused)
And this trauma led to the presenting (hysterical) symptoms
For a variety of reasons, he abandoned the seduction hypothesis
Claimed the stories reflected fantasies, repressed desires
Freud had read the contemporary literature documenting the high incidence of sexual abuse of children.
he had in all likelihood witnessed autopsies of children who had been raped and murdered. |
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Term
| Mason argued about freud's abandonment of seduction hypothesis |
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Definition
| Masson argued that Freud’s abandonment of the seduction theory was a failure of courage rather than a clinical or theoretical insight. |
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Term
| societal consequences of seduction hypothesis |
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Definition
Therapists were hesitant to believe clients who had been sexually abused.
Parents disbelieved their children who reported incidents of molestation.
Rape victims were assumed to be fantasizing the assaults against them. |
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Term
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Definition
selective forgetting of painful memories
not conscious or voluntary
material stored in unconscious
Unconscious repressed material can influence behavior
Unconscious repressed material can become conscious if anxiety is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious acts as censor of perception |
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Term
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Definition
| low conscious anxiety, high concern with social desirability |
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Term
| Are repressors primarily rational or emotional in their coping styles? |
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Definition
| RATIONAL; they use strategies to avoid awareness of feelings and impulses that are incompatible with one’s self-image (ego) |
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Term
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Definition
Recall fewer positive and negative self memories
Recall more?) memories involving emotional experiences of others than of themselves
(both davis)
Are more physiologically aroused when recalling emotional memories of the self
Have simple memories
Utilize “overly-general” recall (defensive exclusion) |
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Term
| is repression bad for you? |
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Definition
Who had heart attacks had fewer PTSD symptoms than did controls 7 months later
Had least severe grief course following death of spouse |
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Term
| Bonanno's Notion of Resilience |
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Definition
pathways to resilience?
Hardiness; Self-enhancement; Positive emotions; Repressive coping |
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Term
| Repressors score well/poorly on... |
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Definition
measure of Emotional intelligence
Self-esteem
Life satisfaction
Health coping style
Rumination
Unhealthy coping styles |
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Term
| Ego responses to to repressors |
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Definition
Conscious: social support
Conscious:cognitive coping strategies
Unconscious/involuntary
all defense mechanisms |
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Term
| how many defenses are there? |
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Definition
repression as a process underlies all defense mechanisms
repression also appears as a singular defense
A degree of overlap in how defenses are conceptualized, defined
Some argue: more mature defense mechanisms are
cognitive coping strategies
conscious |
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Term
| Way of altering conscious representation of a conflict |
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Definition
no defense - i hate my father!
psychotic defense - born without a father
Immature - Projection
Passive aggression
Acting out (Regression)
Fantasy
intermediate - Dissociation
Displacement
Isolation (intellectualization)
Repression (somatization)
Mature defenses-
Suppression
Sublimation
Altruism
Humor |
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Term
Coping
response to threat
decrease negative
affect
solve problem
conscious
intentional |
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Definition
Coping Defense
response to threat response to threat
decrease negative decrease negative
affect affect
solve problem don’t recognize problem
conscious unconscious
intentional unintentional |
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Term
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Definition
To be adaptive, a defense should:
Spread out or remove affect?
Channel or block feelings?
Be oriented to short or long term?
Attract or repel people?
Be as specific or general as possible? |
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