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| In psychoanalytic theory, the developmental state in which psycho sexual energy is focused on the anus and anal activities, such as toilet training. |
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| A cognitive disorder usually associated with older adults, characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functions, particularly memory. |
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| A category of psychopharmacological intervention used to alleviate the symptoms of psychosis: this classification includes both traditional drugs that preat positive symptoms and atypical drgs that treat negative symptoms and have fewer undesirable side effects. |
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| The classification of mental disorders,formerly called neuroses, in which the major symptom is apprehension of possible danger. |
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| a mental disorder that begins in childhood and is characterized by a disconnect from the social world, problems with social skills and speech, and self-stimulations. |
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| A type of learning in which a stimulus that is paired with ran aversive event signals the organism, which can then behave in a way to avoid the aversive event. |
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| A classification of Therapies based on the assumption that inappropriate classical or operant condition has taken place, in which the goal of therapy is to set up the conditions for appropriate re-learning to occur. |
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| A school of thought in psychology having its mayor influence from the early 1900s through about 1970, in which the mind was ignored and only behavior was considered the appropriate subject matter. |
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| A behavior therapy in which operant conditioning is used to condition a biological response normally considered to be involuntary. |
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| A classification of metal disorder characterized by mood swings between depression and mania. |
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| A theory of emotions prosing that a stimulus causes a change in activation of the thalamus in the brain that then simultaneously sends messages to the cortex, interpreted as emotions, and to the physiologically systems. |
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| A type of basic learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov; an unconditioned stimulus,which automatically brings about and unconditioned response, is repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimuli until the conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response. |
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| A classification of mental disorders that results form brain impairments leading to disturbances of consciousness or deficits in cognition or memory. |
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| Cognitive-labeling theory |
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| A theory of emotions proposed by Stanley Schachter, proposing that a stimulus caused generalized physiological activation, which then, depending on the context, is labeled as a particular emotion. |
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| A school of thought in psychology having its major influence beginning in the late 1960s through today, in which it is considered appropriate to use various methods to determine the flow of information and processing stages int he brain. |
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| A classification of therapies based on the goal of helping clients understand their thoughts and feeling so that they can reprogram these to achieve greater happiness and success. |
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| A type of learning in which the individual must learn the defining dimension of a concept by experiencing instances that confirm of disconfirm that concept. |
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| In an experiment, a circumstance with level that are correlated with the leve of the independent variable, such that any change in the dependent variable could be due either to chages in the independent variable or changes in the confounding variable. |
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| A theory of forgetting that proposed that time is required for memory traces to consolidate, that is, to become permanent enough that they cannot be interfered with by other salient events. |
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| In an experiment, a circumstance set by the experiment at a particular level and not allowed to vary. |
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| A theory of memory that attributes memory loss to the fading of a memory trace as a result of the passage of time. |
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| A psychoactive drug that has a calming effect on the user. |
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| The brand of psychology concerned with studying behavior across the lifespan. |
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| Differential parental investment |
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| In evolutionary theory, the concept that women have a much higher investment in there offspring, because of gestation, lactation,and so on, than men do. |
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| A classification of metal disorded in which some parts of the self become separated for the other parts. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that operates on a reality principle and tries to determine what an individual should realistically do while still trying to satisfy the id and the superego |
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| Electroconvulsive shock treatment |
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| A physcial therapy, sometimes called ECT, in which electrical current is passed through the brain: usually used to treat symptoms of depression. |
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| A branch of psychology that is concerned with specifying the characteristics and limitations of the human operator in a human-machine-environment system. |
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| An interdisciplinary field, also sometime called human factors, concerned with the design of human-machine-environment systems. |
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| A scientifically theory first proposed by Charles Darin in the 1800s that use the ideal of survival of the fittest to explain the wide diversity of plants and animals in the world. |
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| A scientific method in which and independent variable is manipulated and a dependent variable is measured while other possible variable are accounted for such that it is possible to infer causality. |
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| A German school of perceptual thought that proposed that we have certain built-in principles, such as proximity, similarity, closure, and good figure, by which we organized pairs of the perceptual events into wholes. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the final developmental state, in which a truly intimate, sharing and caring relationship can develop. |
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| A formula in evolutionary theory, c < r x b, that attempts to explain altruism: according to the formula, we should act if the cost to us (c) is less than our relatedness to the person we are helping (r) times the benefit (b) to the person we are helping. |
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| A biologically based theory of motivation in which the organism has a need that lead to a drive; the drive, in turn leads to behavior that returns the organism to a optimal state. |
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| A classification of therapies, such as non-directive and existential, in which the goal is to improve the client's understanding of thougths and feelings so that the client can achieve his or her full potential. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that operates on a pleasure principle: if unchecked by the superego or ego, the id would drive us to take whatever we wanted,whenever we wanted it. |
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| Under certain conditions, people will recall events that did actually occur: this indicates that memory is a constructive process, in which memory cures are used in an attempt to reconstruct the original memory. |
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| A concept in evolutionary theory proposing that organisms behave in ways that improve the chances that all kin, not just children will survive and reproduce. |
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| In an experiment, the circumstance chosen by the experimenter to manipulate in order to determined its effects on the dependent variable. |
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| A theory of memory that attributes memory loss to interfering material that occurs either before or after the event to be remembered. |
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| A technique in early experimental psychology in which trained observers attempted to analyze the contents of their own minds by reflecting on their thoughts and perceptions. |
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| A theory of emotions proposing that a stimulus cause both a behavioral and a physiological reaction, and it is the latter that leads to an emotional feeling. |
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| A classification of mental disorder characterized by significantly subaverage intelligence and limitation on functioning. |
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| Aids used to impove memory |
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| The classification of mental disorder in which there is an uncontrollable, undesirable change in the emotions, such as unipolar of bipolar depression. |
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| A psychoactive drug usually derived form the opium plant that gives the user a rush and is highly physiologically addictive. |
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| A type of humanistic therapy (also sometimes called client-centered), in which the therapist tries to act as a mirror to reflect the clients' thoughts and feelings so that clients gain the ability to solve their own problems. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the conflict that develops during phallic state when little boys unconsciously want to sexually possess their mothers but find their fathers in the way. |
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| A type of simple learning, also some called instrumental conditions, in which a response is more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcement. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the first developmental state and the stage in which psychos sexual energy is focused on the mouth. |
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| A school of perception proposing that early in life, we learn that certain properties of objects are invariant, such as size, shape,brightness, and color. |
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| Situations in which our internal perceptual model of the external work is not in correspondence with reality, causing us to make mistakes in what we perceive. |
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| In psychoanalytical theory, the developmental state especially important for little boys, in which psychosexual energy is focused on the penis and aggressive competition begins. |
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| A classification of mental disordres in which there is an undue fear of objects or situations. |
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| The expectations that users of human-machines-environment systems have about the effect of there actions. |
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| A surgical technique in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex an the res of the brain are severed; this technique was used for several decades in the middle of the 20th century to alleviate the symptoms of long-temr schizophrenic patients. |
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| A type of learning in which the individual learns the underlying probabilistic structure of the environment. |
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| A psychotherapy developed primarily by Sigmund Freud, base on psychoanalytic theory, in which the goal is an analysis of the unconscious. |
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| A theory of personality proposed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s, in which the unconscious plays a major rol in determining behaviors and the parts of the personality, the id, superego, and ego, are in constant conflict. |
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| Mental disorders that are characterized by a break with reality. |
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| A research design, such as ethnography, in which patterns of behavior can be studied, but these observations are not amiable to qualitative analysis. |
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| In an experiment, a circumstance allowed to vary in a random way such that it si uncorrelated with the levels of the independent variable. |
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| A classification of metal disorders in which there is a psychotic break with reality and often delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech and behaviors. |
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| A goal proposed by Abraham Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs model of motivation, in which people can fulfill their full potential. |
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| a classification of metal disorders in which there is either and inability to perform sexually as desired or sexual behavior characterized by and undue sexual attraction to abnormal sexual stimuli. |
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| A branch of psychology concerned with social thinking, social influence, and social relations. |
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| A classification of mental disorders in which there are complaints about bodily symptoms or defects. |
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| a psychoactive drug that produces feeling of heightened awareness and alertness. |
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| In classical conditioning, when stimulus generalization has occurred, if similar stimuli continue to be presented, but only the conditioned stimulus is pared with the unconditioned stimulus, the response to the similar stimuli will die out. |
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| In classical conditioning, after acquisition takes place and the conditioned stimulus reliably evokes the conditioned response, other similar stimuli also are found to evoke some lesser level of response. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that operates on a moral principle much like our conscience and give us guilt when we do not follow its rules. |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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| A behavior theory in which clients par up progressively more anxiety-producing situations with relation in order to learn new, more appropriate responses to these situations. |
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| In behavior therapies based on operant conditioning, when a symbolic reinforcer is used, such as a poker chip, that can be traded for a primary reinforcer, such as food. |
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| A mental disorded characterized by a continuous repeated build-up of tension that sometimes leads to uncontrollable vocal and motor outburst. |
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| A chemical released into the synapse between neurons that makes the postsymapic neuron more or less likely to fire. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory,the part of the personality below the level of awareness that plays a major role in determining how we behave. |
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| A classification of metal disorders characterized by either depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities. |
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