Term
| Difference between Sex and Gender |
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Definition
Sex: biological
Gender: psycho-social constructs, state of being male/female. masc/fem qualities |
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Definition
-evolutionary psych
-men/women are set way because of evolution
-ineqality = natural, resistant to change |
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Definition
-great flexibility in gender-linked differences (ex: way we stand)
-Associated with social construction (norms built by society)
-frequently supported by women |
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Definition
| What we talk about; how we learn to think about males and females |
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Definition
-no organized government
-Access to resources -> hunters and gatherers
=If hunting is away from group, men go, because women need to nurse children |
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-hierarchy
-male = dominant
-high inequality |
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Definition
-few differences between sexes biologically
-testosterone levels |
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Definition
| large difference between sexes. polar opposites |
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Definition
-Freud, 1920s
-reinforced cultural belief about sex differences
-anatomical basis
-developmental stages, emphasis on childhood
ex: women = inferior |
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Definition
-ignored differences between me and women
-excluded women in studies |
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Definition
| -focused on individual differences, reflected traditional sexist views of society (replaced by behaviorism) |
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Definition
| noted personal bias and prejudice in research |
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Definition
-Clearing house for mental defectives
--noticed more males under 16; women weren't sent to clearing houses, became prostitutes and domestics instead
-reviewed measurements of 20,000 infants and concluded that there wasn't a difference between men and women |
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Term
| 18th century Europe: Education debates |
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Definition
-how can we teach children, if we're not educated?
-Men concerned about sexual freedom (cheating)
-French revolution -> demand political rights and social justice |
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Definition
-extend women's rights
-true equality |
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Definition
-focused on oppression
-need to revolutionize basic institutions |
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Definition
Believe that women have a unique, valuable point of view
-world should be run by women |
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Term
| National Council of Women Psychologists |
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Definition
-founded a division in APA
-Division 35; Psychological Society for women
1973 |
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Term
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Definition
-during women's suffrage movement, 1800s
-change gender roles + traditional masculinity |
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Term
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Definition
-sex roles defined by stereotypes
-lots of people violate sex roles, but men are punished more harshly
-negative psychological consequences
-people over-conform |
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Term
| Define: Feminist Standpoint Epistemologies |
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Definition
-Scholars who claim that research should center on women + to advocate more radical transformation
-claim that women have a unique point of view and have been ignored |
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Term
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Definition
Scholars who advocate a more objective study of gender
-research must include both men and women to make comparisons |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows researchers to evaluate results from several experimental studies to determine overall size of effects |
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Term
| What are the 4 components of stereotyping? |
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Definition
1. Physical appearance
2. Traits
3. Behaviors
4. Occupations |
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Definition
-Form first impressions
-Categorizing groups
-Preserves status quo |
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Term
Prejudice
vs
Discimination |
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Definition
Prejudice: negative evaluation of entire group
Discrimination: Differential treatment of people in targeted group |
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Term
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Definition
-Fear of being negatively stereotyped
-influences women + ethnic minorities to perform more poorly, when they think their group does
-Act inferior |
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Term
Explicit attitudes
vs
Implicit attitudes |
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Definition
Explicit: Consciously aware
Implicit: Not consciously aware of bias |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Positive feelings
"I'm just trying to help..."
Ex: chivalry |
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Term
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Definition
Antagonism toward women's vocalization of prejudice
-competent women described as being unfeminine
not listening to women's point of view on sexism |
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Term
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Definition
-Placed on same scale, so can be EITHER masc or fem
caucasion norms,not a lot of diversity
13 homosexual men....trying to figure out who homosexuals are |
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Term
| How old when development of stereotypes starts? |
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Definition
3 years old
Starts with own sex, then generalizes
flexibility of stereotypes decreases over time |
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Term
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Definition
exaggerated masculinity
repress feminine characteristics
ex: motorcycle clubs: degrading to women |
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Term
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Definition
| Unrealistic expectations for men -> need to be unemotional and successful |
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Term
| Disabilities in men and women |
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Definition
Men: assume he lost in doing something brave, like war
Women: assumed to be asexual |
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Term
| In what week do the tubercles differentiate? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
1-4% of population
-sexual anatomy incompletely differentiated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
AKA Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)
-Female embryos with extra growth in adrenal glands cause masculinized genitalia. sexually ambiguous newborns, "fixed" with surgery |
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Term
| Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) |
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Definition
AKA Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
-Female embryos with extra growth in adrenal glands cause masculinized genitalia. sexually ambiguous newborns, "fixed" with surgery |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) |
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Definition
-affects chromosomal males (XY)
-have testes releasing normal amounts of androgens; however, no receptors
-develop female external genitalia
-no menstruation,no hormone treatment for male development |
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Term
| 5-alpha reductase deficiency |
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Definition
-identified as girls at birth, but may masculinize at puberty
-presudohermaphrodites |
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Term
| Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
XY - mullerian inhibitor
therefore, no uterus. no penis, look like girls
hermaphrodites |
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Term
| Native American tribes: Mohave |
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Definition
-some boys with interest in women's clothing, other men, girls tasks
-had women that did male tasks
4 genders |
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Term
| secondary characteristics |
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Definition
physical features that reflect sexual maturity, but are not involved directly in reproduction
ie: armpit hair |
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Term
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Definition
have greater impact than estrogen for anatomical differentiation
influence level of sexual activity, but lesser impact on behavior than on physiology |
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Term
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Definition
released by anterior pituitary
growth hormone |
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Term
| Where are androgens released in males? and females? |
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Definition
males: testes
females: adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
-released by pituitary releases
-Prepares women to release egg
-used as an evaluation for stages of menopause |
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Term
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Definition
released by pituitary
released when estrogen peaks + ovulation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
some essence or underlying biological component (as opposed to socialization) makes men and women different
therefore, biological differences are invariant |
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Term
| Minimalist vs Maximalist views |
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Definition
Minimalist: perceive few important differences between men and women
Maximalist: large differences between men and women are biological |
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Term
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Definition
-structure of interest based on adult cognition
-WUNDT
-believed that psychology could not be applied to children or nonhuman animals
-inattentive to sex differences, study generalized adult mind |
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Term
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Definition
| people that wanted to end discrimination based on sex and to extend to women the rights that men had |
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Term
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Definition
believed that women have been oppressed by men and that this oppression has served as a model for racial and class oppression
entire social system requires major change to end oppression |
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Term
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Definition
| if women were in charge, many of the world's problems would disappear, because women's values of caring and relationships would eliminate them |
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Term
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Definition
National Organization for Men Against Sexism
-profeminist, rid of sexism + racism |
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Term
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Definition
National Organization for Men Against Sexism
-profeminist, rid of sexism + racism |
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Term
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Definition
National Organization for Men Against Sexism
-profeminist, rid of sexism + racism |
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Term
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Definition
| if men are the standard, then women will always appear to be deficient |
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Term
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Definition
-gathering information through evidence from the senses
-rejected information based on authority or the presumption of supernatural powers |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that the observation is free of bias |
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Term
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Definition
| turning observations into numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| -research that uses statistical data and numerical data |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on understanding the complexity of the situation, rather than trying to reduce the situation to numerical data |
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Term
| 2 types of quantitative research |
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Definition
1. experimental
2. descriptive |
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Term
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Definition
| -allows for researchers to draw cause and effect relationship |
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Term
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Definition
-researchers answer "what" question
ex: surveys, correlational studies |
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Term
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Definition
-answer "Why" questions
-manipulate Independent variable
-measure dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
-researchers select people with brain damage of one area of brain + contrast them with participants with undamaged brains
-comparison of subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| -characteristic of participant that allows researchers to form contrast groups in quasi-experimental studies |
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Term
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Definition
| -assesses the relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| definition of variable ,provides instructions on how to measure two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| -intensive study of a case (single person) |
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Term
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Definition
-observation and recording of behavior and events
-researchers spend time becoming immersed in the situation that they are studying. |
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Term
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Definition
| -discussion centered on a specific topic |
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Term
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Definition
-group of critics of science that think reality is constructed through perception and is subject to bias.
-"we do not discover reality, we invent it"
-therefore, science can never be objective |
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Term
| statistically significant result |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| result is relevant to everyday life |
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Term
| The cult of true womanhood |
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Definition
1820-1860
piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity |
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Term
| The cult of true womanhood: Male Sex Role Identity |
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Definition
No sissy stuff
men need success and status
men should have toughness, confidence, and self-reliance
men should have an aura of aggression, daring, and violence |
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Term
| The cult of true womanhood: values for women |
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Definition
Piety: Women were naturally religious
Purity: True women were sexually uninterested
Submissiveness: true women were weak, dependent,and timid
Domesticity: true women's domain was in the home |
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