Term
| 3 definitional differences between males and females: |
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Definition
| (gestating and lactating vs. impregnating) (external genitalia & internal reproductive structures) (hormone cycling vs. more constant output) |
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Term
| Average differences between males and females |
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Definition
| size and weight, body hair, upper body muscular strength, rates of maturation, mortality and morbidity (men higher on both), activity levels in young childhood) |
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Term
| Five steps of sexual differentiation |
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Definition
| chromosomes, gonads, hormones, internal reproductive tract, external genitalia |
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Term
| gonads of males and females |
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Definition
|
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Term
| hormones of males and females |
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Definition
| estrogen and testosterone |
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Term
| internal reproductive track females |
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Definition
|
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Term
| internal reproductive track males |
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Definition
| vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra, prostate gland |
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Term
| external genitalia female |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| At five weeks both sexes have |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated gonads, wolfian and mullarian ducts |
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Term
|
Definition
| potential to become male genital structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| potential to be female reproductive organs |
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Term
| The Y chromosome synthesizes a protein called: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does H-Y antigen do? |
|
Definition
| initializes testis development |
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Term
| Gonads - ovaries and testis secrete: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other steroid hormones. Men typically produce a greater proportion of estrogens than androgens |
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Term
|
Definition
| a class of hormones that includes estradiol and other steroid hormones. Women typically produce a greater proportion of estrogens than androgens |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances released from endocrine glands that circulate throughout the body and affect target organs that have receptors sensitive to the specific hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones produced by the hypothalamus that act on the pituitary to release tropic hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormones produced by the pituitary gland that influence the release of other hormones by other glands, such as the gonads |
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Term
| mullerian inhibiting substance |
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Definition
| the hormone is only active during fetal development, stops the female system from developing |
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Term
|
Definition
| activates the pituitary, influenced by prenatal sex-hormones and regulates daily only or daily monthly cycles |
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Term
| Regulation of Gonadal Hormones |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus activates pituitary, pituitary releases gonadotropins, gonads release gonadal hormones, gonadal hormones influence behavior by acting on the brain |
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Term
| sexually dimorphic nucleus |
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Definition
| a brain structure in the hypothalamus, near the optic chiasm, that is sensitive to gonadal hormones |
|
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Term
| difference in nucleus of hypothalamus between males and females: |
|
Definition
| number of cells decreases in girls but not in boys, largest differentiation found in middle age, larger in males than females |
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Term
| When researchers inject fetal testosterone into womb of pregnant female rat |
|
Definition
| no effects seen until puberty when only female offspring are affected, engage in male sexual behavior |
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Term
| When researchers transplant an ovary to a pre-pubertal male primate |
|
Definition
| he ovulates and has a menstrual cycle |
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Term
| Why should we be careful not to overgeneralize studies from rats and other animals? |
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Definition
| because human behavior is much more plastic and less governed by hormones in every respect |
|
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Term
| What are the two hormone surges humans go through? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During puberty, the pituitary starts the adrenal gland that |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During puberty the pituitary acts on the gonads to |
|
Definition
| start the formation of secondary sex characteristics and fertility |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
Definition
| the gonadotropic hormone that stimulates development of gonads during puberty and development of ova during the years of woman's fertility |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gonadotropic hormone that prompts sexual development during puberty and also causes a maturing ovum to be released |
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