Term
| Unconditioned Stimuli (US) |
|
Definition
Input to a reflex.
Ex. Puff off air. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
|
Definition
Output to a reflex.
Ex. Rabbit Blinks to US air puff. |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
Initially results in investigatory response, then habitual after conditioning; results in CR.
Ex. Beep before puff of air. |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
Response to CS.
Ex. Blinking after beep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CR declines and disappears over trials with out US.
Ex. Bell rings but no food is presented. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accomplished by presenting further learning trials, reconditioning happens faster than original conditioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a time interval in which neither the conditioned response (CS) or unconditioned response (US)is presented. Usually happens faster. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the CR is eliminated, when you try to re-teach subject, learns very fast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One thing depends on the other. |
|
|
Term
| Second Order Conditioning |
|
Definition
1. Establish CS (Bell -> Salivation)
2. New CS is pared with old CS without US. (Tone-> Bell -> Salivation)
3. Eventually, new CS is established with out US. (Tone -> Salivation)
*Past 3rd is hard because you're fighting extinction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Similar stimuli produce similar responses.
Ex. Trained to responded to orange light - might also respond to (weaker) red light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Different stimuli produce different responses.
Ex. CS+ (High tone W/ US)and CS- (Low Tone w/o US) results in CR to CS+ but not CS-. |
|
|
Term
| Instrumental/Operant Conditioning |
|
Definition
Trail and error learning, incremental.
Ex. Cats in a box. (Thorndike) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement and weakened when followed with punishment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suddenly Grasping a concept or figuring out something. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dependency, stimulus depends on response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skinner Box;
1. Many responses
2. Little time and effort
3. Easily recorded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total number of responses made. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be both positive or negative; always increases rate of responding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Delivers appetitive stimulus.
Ex. Food, praise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Removes aversive stimulus.
Ex. An action would cause an alarm NOT to go off or a shock NOT to happen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Always reduces rate of responding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Indicates when a response will be reinforced.
Ex. Pigeon is trained to hop onto a platform, if light is green the reinforcement will be given, if not nothing will happen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A behavior that is modifiable through its consequences (Reinforcement or Punishment). |
|
|
Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
|
Definition
| Reinforcing only certain trials produces an even stronger response than reinforcing all trials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforce next response after time interval. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time is fixed;rat gets food for next bar press every 30 seconds. The rate of bar pushing increases at the end of each interval. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shape on record associated with Fixed Interval. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time is average; rat gets pellet for next bar press after 20, then 40, then 25, then 35 seconds after last pellet. Averages to around 30 seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcement after some number of responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes a break after a reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ratio is fixed; pellet given after ever 10 bar presses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ratio is not fixed, it's an average.
Ex. Gambling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An instrumental learning procedure in which an animal learns a rather difficult response through the reinforcement of successive approximations to that response. |
|
|
Term
| Successive Approximations |
|
Definition
The process of shaping a response by rewarding closer and closer variations of that response.
Ex. Want pigeon to do a full turn, reward the pigeon as it does a 1/4 turn, 1/2 turn, 3/4 turn and then a full turn. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linking responses into long sequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows how Excitatory state is eventually canceled out by Inhibition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only appears when the correct circumstance presents its self. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learn to behave helplessly, even when the opportunity is restored for it to help itself by avoiding an unpleasant or harmful circumstance to which it has been subjected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes a response happen. (Classical Conditioning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal Has to do something. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning is not just automatic but involves acquiring knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Response is learned automatically due to reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Cognitive Map" is learned automatically but only used when needed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The initial step towards remembering in which things are taken in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To be remembered an experience must have some record in the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of retrieving information from storage and use it in some fashion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drawing information from memory in response to a cue or question. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presented with a name or face and ask if you have encountered it before. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deliberate memorization and incidental memorization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of translating information into a format in for which it can be used later. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed 50 Years ago, different types of memory that have to be moved from one store to another. |
|
|
Term
| Working/Short Term Memory |
|
Definition
| A memory that holds onto the information you are working with right now. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Information you are not using currently using but is there in case you need it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of thinks that you have to memorize and repeat in that order after the first time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process to which items are kept in working memory for an extended period of time increasing the likely hood that these items will be transferred to long term storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Words at the front of a list will be more likely to be remember. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Last few things said are likely to be remembered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process of reorganizing materials in memory that permits a number of items to be packed in a larger unit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A strategy that keeps information in working memory but with little long term effect. (Phone numbers) |
|
|
