Term
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Definition
Higher mental processes, such as perception,
memory, language, problem solving, and abstract thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
Processes of knowing, including attending, remembering, and
reasoning; also the content of the processes, such as concepts and
memories. |
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Term
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Definition
The study of higher mental processes such as
attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, and
thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
The interdisciplinary field of study of the approach
systems and processes that manipulate information. |
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Term
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Definition
Two or more mental processes that are carried out in
order, one after the other. |
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Term
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Definition
Two or more mental processes that are carried out
simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
Processes that require attention; it is often difficult
to carry out more than one controlled process at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
Processes that do not require attention; they can
often be performed along with other tasks without interference. |
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Term
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Definition
What people say, sign, and write, as well as the
processes they go through to produce these messages. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of shaping a message depending on the
audience for which it is intended. |
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Term
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Definition
Missing information filled in on the basis of a sample of
evidence or on the basis of prior beliefs and theories. |
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Term
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Definition
Thinking that is directed toward solving specific
problems and that moves from an initial state to a goal state by means
of a set of mental operations. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of thinking in which conclusions are drawn from a
set of facts; thinking directed toward a given goal or objective. |
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Term
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Definition
The elements that make up a problem: the initial state (the
incomplete information or unsatisfactory conditions the person starts
with); the goal state (the set of information or state the person wishes
to achieve); and the set of operations (the steps the person takes to
move from the initial state to the goal state). |
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Term
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Definition
A step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer
for a particular type of problem. |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive strategies, or “rules of thumb,” often used as
shortcuts in solving a complex inferential task. |
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Term
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Definition
A form of thinking in which one draws a
conclusion that is intended to follow logically from two or more
statements or premises. |
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Term
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Definition
A situation that occurs when a person’s prior
knowledge, attitudes, or values distort the reasoning process by
influencing the person to accept invalid arguments. |
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Term
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Definition
A form of reasoning in which a conclusion is made
about the probability of some state of affairs, based on the available
evidence and past experience. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used
to respond to a previous problem. |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which people form opinions, reach conclusions,
and make critical evaluations of events and people based on available
material; also, the product of the mental activity. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of choosing between alternatives; selecting
or rejecting available options. |
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Term
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Definition
A judgment based on the information readily
available in memory. |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
A cognitive strategy that assigns an object to
a category on the basis of a few characteristics regarded as
representative of that category. |
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Term
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Definition
An insufficient adjustment up or down from an
original starting value when judging the probable value of some event
or outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
A particular description of a choice; the perspective from which a
choice is described or framed affects how a decision is made and which
option is ultimately exercised. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency to avoid decision making; the tougher the
decision, the greater the likelihood of decision aversion. |
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