Term
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Definition
The branch of psychology that studies the effect of
social variables on individual behaviour, attitudes, perceptions, and
motives; also studies group and intergroup phenomena. |
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Definition
The process by which people select, interpret, and
remember social information. |
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Definition
The process by which a person comes to know and
categorize the personal attributes and behaviours of others. |
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Definition
A social-cognitive approach to describing the ways the
social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations. |
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Term
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Definition
A theory suggesting that people attribute a
behaviour to a causal factor if that factor was present whenever the
behaviour occurred but was absent whenever it did not occur. |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error (FAE) |
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Definition
The dual tendency of observers to
underestimate the impact of situational factors and to overestimate the
influence of dispositional factors on a person’s behaviour. |
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Term
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Definition
The basic difference in the way we make attributions
for our own behaviours compared to the behaviours of others. |
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Definition
An attributional bias in which people tend to take credit
for their successes and deny responsibility for their failures. |
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Term
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Definition
A prediction made about some future behaviour
or event that modifies interactions so as to produce what is expected. |
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Term
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Definition
The learned, relatively stable tendency to respond to people,
concepts, and events in an evaluative way. |
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Definition
| Deliberate efforts to change attitudes. |
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Term
| elaboration likelihood model |
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Definition
A theory of persuasion that defines how
likely it is that people will focus their cognitive processes to elaborate
upon a message and therefore follow the central and peripheral routes
to persuasion. |
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Term
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Definition
The theory that the tension-producing effects of
incongruous cognitions motivate individuals to reduce such tension. |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that people observe themselves in order
to figure out the reasons they act as they do; people infer what their
internal states are by perceiving how they are acting in a given
situation. |
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Term
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Definition
A change in behaviour consistent with a communication
source’s direct requests. |
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Term
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Definition
Expectation that favours will be returned—if someone
does something for another person, that person should do something
in return. |
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Term
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Definition
A learned attitude toward a target object, involving negative
affect (dislike or fear), negative beliefs (stereotypes) that justify the
attitude, and a behavioural intention to avoid, control, dominate, or
eliminate the target object. |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which people organize the social
environment by categorizing themselves and others into groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups with which people identify as members. |
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Definition
| The groups with which people do not identify as members. |
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Definition
| An evaluation of one’s own group as better than others. |
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Term
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Definition
Discrimination against people based on their skin colour or ethnic
heritage. |
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Definition
| Discrimination against people because of their sex. |
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Term
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Definition
Generalizations about a group of people in which the same
characteristics are assigned to all members of a group. |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which people behave in ways
that elicit from others specific expected reactions and then use those
reactions to confirm their beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
The prediction that contact between groups will
reduce prejudice only if the contact includes features such as
co-operation toward shared goals. |
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Term
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Definition
A socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a
person who is functioning in a given setting or group. |
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Term
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Definition
Behavioural guidelines for acting in certain ways in certain
situations. |
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Term
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Definition
The expectations a group has for its members regarding
acceptable and appropriate attitudes and behaviours. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency for people to adopt the behaviours, attitudes,
and values of other members of a reference group. |
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Term
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Definition
Group effects that arise from individuals’ desire
to be correct and to understand how best to act in a given situation. |
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Term
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Definition
Group effects that arise from individuals’ desire to be
liked, accepted, and approved of by others. |
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Term
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Definition
The convergence of the expectations of a group of
individuals into a common perspective as they talk and carry out
activities together. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are
more extreme than the decisions that would be made by the members
acting alone. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency of a decision-making group to filter out
undesirable input so that a consensus may be reached, especially if it is
in line with the leader’s viewpoint. |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviours that cause psychological or physical harm to
another individual. |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviours that are carried out with the goal of
helping other people. |
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Term
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Definition
Prosocial behaviours a person carries out without considering
his or her own safety or interests. |
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Term
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Definition
Emotion-driven aggression produced in reaction to
situations. |
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Term
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Definition
Cognition-based and goal-directed aggression
carried out with premeditated thought to achieve specific aims. |
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Term
| frustration–aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
According to this hypothesis,
frustration occurs in situations in which people are prevented or
blocked from attaining their goals; a rise in frustration then leads to a
greater probability of aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that people perform altruistic behaviours
because they expect that others will perform altruistic behaviours for
them in turn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Willingness to assist a person in need of help. |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
In emergency situations, the larger the number
of bystanders, the less responsibility any one of the bystanders feels to
help. |
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