Term
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Definition
The psychological qualities of an individual that influence a
variety of characteristic behaviour patterns across different situations
and over time. |
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Definition
Distinct patterns of personality characteristics used
to assign people to categories; qualitative differences, rather than
differences in degree, used to discriminate among people. |
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Definition
Enduring personal qualities or attributes that influence behaviour
across situations. |
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Definition
A comprehensive descriptive personality system that
maps out the relationships among common traits, theoretical concepts,
and personality scales; informally called the Big Five. |
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Definition
The observation that personality ratings across time
and among different observers are consistent while behaviour ratings
across situations are not consistent. |
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Term
| psychodynamic personality theories |
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Definition
Theories of personality that share
the assumption that personality is shaped by, and behaviour is
motivated by, inner forces. |
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Definition
The psychic energy that drives individuals toward sensual pleasures
of all types, especially sexual ones. |
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Definition
An individual’s discomfort and/or inhibition in interpersonal situations
that interferes with pursuing an interpersonal or professional goal. |
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Definition
A state in which a person remains attached to objects or activities
more appropriate for an earlier stage of psychosexual development. |
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Definition
The assumption that mental and behavioural
reactions are determined by previous experiences. |
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Definition
The domain of the psyche that stores repressed urges and
primitive impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
The primitive, unconscious part of the personality that acts on impulse
without considering society’s values, standards, and morals; governed
by the pleasure principle. |
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Definition
The aspect of personality that represents the internalization of
society’s values, standards, and morals. |
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Definition
The aspect of personality involved in self-preservation activities and
in directing instinctual drives and urges into appropriate channels. |
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Term
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Definition
The basic defence mechanism by which painful or guilt-producing
thoughts, feelings, or memories are excluded from conscious awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
Mental strategies (conscious or unconscious)
used by the ego to defend itself against conflicts experienced in the
normal course of life. |
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Term
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Definition
An intense emotional response caused by the preconscious
recognition that a repressed conflict is about to emerge into consciousness. |
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Definition
The part of an individual’s unconscious that is
inherited, evolutionarily developed, and common to all members of
the species. |
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Term
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Definition
A universal, inherited, primitive, and symbolic representation
of a particular experience or object. |
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Term
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Definition
A branch of psychology that views the person as a
constellation of compensatory internal forces in a dynamic balance. |
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Term
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Definition
A concept in personality psychology referring to a
person’s constant striving to realize his or her potential and to develop
inherent talents and capabilities. |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
Complete love and acceptance of an
individual by another person, such as a parent for a child, with no
conditions attached. |
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Term
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Definition
The use of psychological (especially personality) theory
to describe and explain an individual’s course through life. |
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Term
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Definition
The extent to which people believe that their behaviours in
particular situations will bring about rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
A concept of Albert Bandura’s social-learning
theory that refers to the notion that a complex reciprocal interaction
exists among the individual, his or her behaviour, and environmental
stimuli, and that each of these components affects the others. |
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Term
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Definition
The set of beliefs that one can perform adequately in a
particular situation. |
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Term
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Definition
Theory of personality that refers to the expertise people
bring to their experience of life tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person’s mental model of his or her abilities and attributes. |
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Term
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Definition
The ideal selves that a person would like to become, the
selves a person could become, and the selves a person is afraid of
becoming; components of the cognitive sense of self. |
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Term
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Definition
A generalized evaluative attitude toward the self that
influences both moods and behaviour and that exerts a powerful effect
on a range of personal and social behaviours. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of developing, in anticipation of failure,
behavioural reactions and explanations that minimize ability deficits as
possible attributions for the failure. |
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Term
| independent construals of self |
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Definition
Conceptualization of the self as an
individual whose behaviour is organized primarily by reference to one’s
own thoughts, feelings, and actions, rather than by reference to the
thoughts, feelings, and actions of others. |
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Term
| interdependent construals of self |
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Definition
Conceptualization of the self as part of
an encompassing social relationship; recognizing that one’s behaviour
is determined, contingent on, and, to a large extent, organized by what
one perceives to be the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others. |
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Term
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Definition
A self-report questionnaire used for personality
assessment that includes a series of items about personal thoughts,
feelings, and behaviours. |
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Term
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Definition
A method of personality assessment in which an individual
is presented with a standardized set of ambiguous, abstract stimuli
and asked to interpret their meanings; the individual’s responses are
assumed to reveal inner feelings, motives, and conflicts. |
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