Term
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Definition
| a physicist attracted to problems in physiology. He was the first to measure the rate of neural impulses. |
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Definition
| wanted to show that the living organism is no exception to the laws of physics. |
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Definition
| What theory of trichromatic vision was opposed by the opponent processes theory of Ewald Hering? |
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Definition
| These individuals both backed Hering and later made sense of the whole controversy. |
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Term
| Johann Friedrich Herbart, 1776-1841 |
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Definition
| provided the concept of a threshold of consciousness that influenced many. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the study of the sensory consequences of controlled physical stimulation. |
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Term
| Psychophysics is to quantify the relation between the physical world and perceptual events. |
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Definition
| Psychophysics is to quantify the relation between the _______ w____ and p______ events |
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Term
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Definition
| What 2 types of experiments do Psychophysicists do? |
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Term
| Psychophysics is a detection paradigm. A threshold is that intensity that can be detected 50% of the time. |
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Definition
| Psychophysics is a d____ p______. A threshold is that intensity that can be detected 50% of the time. |
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Term
| Psychophysics is also a discrimination paradigm. For difference thresholds we are matching two stimuli or discriminating one signal from another. |
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Definition
| Psychophysics is also a is a d_________ paradigm. For d_________ thresholds we are matching two stimuli or discriminating one signal from another. |
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Term
| Weber investigated two-point thresholds using psychophysical methods |
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Definition
| W________ investigated _____-______ thresholds using p_______ methods |
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Definition
| What law states that a JND, a just noticeable difference, is a constant fraction of stimulus intensity?? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Who points out that sensation is a function of the logarithm of the stimulus intensity? |
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Term
| Fechner showed that psychology could employ the scientific method of measurement |
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Definition
| showed that psychology could employ the _______ ______ _____ ______ ? |
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Term
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Definition
| What do we call a graph showing the percentage of trials on which stimuli of different intensities are detected. |
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Term
| A psychophysical function |
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Definition
| We can construct a p_____ f________ from psychometric functions for the absolute threshold and the JND. |
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Term
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Definition
| What are one of the kinds of methods that can be a staircase method? |
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Term
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Definition
| gives control of the stimulus intensity to the subject. |
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Term
| The method of constant stimuli |
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Definition
| The method that presents the stimulus intensities in random order. |
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Term
| The two-alternative forced-choice procedure |
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Definition
| This procedure minimizes the influence of the observer's expectations and criterion. |
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Term
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Definition
| declared that psychology is an independent experimental science. |
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Definition
| established the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. He was both a physiologist and a philosopher. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Stevens used magnitude estimation with human subjects. |
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Definition
| Stevens used m____ e__________ with human subjects. |
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Term
| Carl Stumpf and his student Oskar Pfungst studied Clever Hans (“the allegedly mathematical horse”) and began an interesting aspect of psychology. |
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Definition
| C_____ S______ and his student O______ P______ studied Clever Hans (“the allegedly mathematical horse”) and began an interesting aspect of psychology. |
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Term
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Definition
| was the founder of act psychology and influenced Edmund Husserl's formalization of the phenomenological method. |
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Term
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Definition
| Famous for his attempts to establish a basis for ESP. |
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Term
| Signal detection theory (SDT) |
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Definition
| _____ helps us to measure the sensitivity and biases of sensory processes and decision processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| You think the chef added salt to the pudding and in fact there was salt in the pudding. In SDT terms, you did what?. |
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Term
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Definition
| A participant in SDT experiment has just said, “I hear it”, but no signal was presented. This is called what? |
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Term
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Definition
| The radiologists think that an x-ray of a region of the lungs shows no abnormality, but the region is abnormal. In SDT terms they have ________? |
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Term
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Definition
| I think you are not sick and in fact you are not sick. I made what? |
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Term
| Sensitivity and selectivity are important in medicine |
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Definition
| S_______ and sel________ are important in m_______. |
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Term
| A type 1 error is a false positive |
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Definition
| SDT is quite useful in statistics. A t_____ 1 e_____ is a f_____ p_______ |
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Term
| SDT measures two aspects of a person's performance, d' (sensitivity) and beta (response bias). |
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Definition
| SDT measures two aspects of a person's p__________, __ (sensitivity) and beta (r_______ b_____). |
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Term
| Sensitivity to signal strength. |
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Definition
| d' (dee prime) is a measure of s_______ to s______ s_______. |
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Term
| d' (dee prime) is the distance between the mean of the noise distribution and the mean of the signal plus noise distribution. |
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Definition
| d' (dee prime) is the d_______ between the m_____ of the noise d_______n and the m_____ of the s_____ plus n_______ distribution. |
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Term
| Beta, a measure of response bias. |
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Definition
| The ratio of hits to false alarms is called B_____, a measure of r_______ b____. |
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Term
| A ROC curve is a plot of the probability of a hit vs. the probability of a false alarm. |
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Definition
| A R__ C_____ is a plot of the probability of a h___ vs. the probability of a f____ a____. |
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Term
| SDT is a way of thinking, it allows us to separate information from bias. |
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Definition
| SDT is a way of t_______, it allows us to separate i________ from b_____ . |
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Term
| In SDT the rewards and punishments associated with a particular response are called the payoff or response bias. |
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Definition
| In SDT the r____ and p_______ associated with a particular response are called the p_____ or r_______ b____. |
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Term
| If you change the probability that a stimulus will be present in a SDT experiment you also change the observer's response bias. |
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Definition
| If you change the p_______ that a s______ will be present in a SDT experiment you also change the o_____'s r______ b______. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you are a radar technician in a time of war you will have a what? |
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Term
| The Critical Fusion Frequency (CFF) |
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Definition
| The frequency at which a flickering light changes to steady... is called what? |
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Term
| SDT is useful in pain perception because it allows us to distinguish between a person's sensitivity and their decision-making strategies |
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Definition
| SDT is useful in p____ p_____ because it allows us to distinguish between a person's s______ and their d______-m_____ s_______ |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Dr. Dippner, is there a such a thing as subliminal perception? |
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Term
| Lamarck's theory of evolution |
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Definition
| This theory states that offspring inherit the changes acquired by a parent during its lifetime. |
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Term
| inheritance, characteristics, teleological |
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Definition
| Lamarck's theory was called the i_______ of acquired ch_______. Lamarck's theory is t_________ . |
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Term
| Charles Darwin proposed a theory of evolution, natural selection, to replace Lamarck's theory. |
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Definition
| Charles Darwin proposed a t_____ of e_______ , natural selection, to replace L_____'s t________. |
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Term
| Darwin's theory of evolution |
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Definition
| This theory shows that species develop by random variation and natural selection |
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Term
| The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals |
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Definition
| Darwin's book, was a very significant contribution to psychology. What was the name of it? |
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Term
| Darwin's theory is no longer a theory, it is now an accepted fact. Natural selection occurs from random variation that regularly occurs among offspring. |
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Definition
| Is Darwin's theory still a theory? Or considered a Hypothesis? or a Fact? |
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Term
| Learning is to the individual as natural selection is to the species. |
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Definition
| L______ is to the i________as n________ s_______ is to the species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors are under the control of the e________ not the control of g________. |
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Term
| Gregor Mendel proposed the existence of a unit of hereditary transmission, the gene, no one ever saw a gene until the 1950s when the structure of DNA became known. |
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Definition
| G_____ M______ proposed the existence of a u____ of h______ t______, the g____ , no one ever saw a g_____until the 1950s when the structure of D__became known. |
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Term
| Darwinian evolution became a rallying cry and an excuse for capitalism and colonialism. Survival of the fittest. |
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Definition
| Darwinian evolution became a r_____ c___ and an e___ for c______ and c______. Survival of the fittest. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____________ _______ claimed that the government should not do anything to help the poor because to do so would interfere with evolution |
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Term
| George Romanes brought Darwin's thinking into the area of comparative psychology. |
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Definition
| G_____ R_______ brought D_____'s 's thinking into the area of c______ psychology. |
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Term
| Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Darwin, wanted to apply Darwin's evolutionary thinking to psychology. |
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Definition
| Sir F_____ G_______ , a c______ of Darwin, wanted to apply Darwin's evolutionary thinking to p________ . |
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Term
| Galton, was a pioneer in the study of individual differences, the use of statistics, and the quantitative measurement of mental abilities. |
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Definition
| G_____ , was a pioneer in the study of individual d_________, the use of s_______, and the q________ measurement of mental abilities. |
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Term
| Eugenics (aka selective breeding) |
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Definition
| What phrase did Galton coin? |
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Term
Alarmist eugenicists advocated sterilizing the “cacogenic,” segregating the unfit, and restricting immigration.
(Online Dictionary: cacogenic-pertaining to or causing degeneration in the offspring produced) |
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Definition
| A______ eugenicists advocated sterilizing the “cacogenic,” segregating the u_____, and restricting imm__________ . |
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Term
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Definition
| This case allowed states to sterilize the feebleminded.. What was it? |
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Term
| As a matter of fact, 90% of the intellectually abnormal children are born to parents of normal intelligence. (Regression to the mean) |
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Definition
| As a matter of fact, __% of the intellectually abnormal children are born to parents of n____ i_____. (R_____ to the m____) |
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Term
| Karl Pearson, the developer of correlations, worked closely with Galton. |
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Definition
| K____ P_____ , the developer of corr______ns , worked closely with Galton. |
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Term
| Correlational research is a research strategy where the researcher attempts to determine the relationship between two variables in a population without varying the independent variables. |
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Definition
| C____ r______is a research strategy where the researcher attempts to determine the r______ between two v_____s in a population without varying the i_________ variables. |
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Term
| Correlation is not causation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The correlation is likely to be low between GRE scores and the grades of graduate students. |
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Definition
| The correlation is likely to be low between G__ s______s and the g_____s of graduate students. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is based on the belief that there is a relationship between personality characteristics and bumps on the skull |
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Term
| Franz Joseph Gall, 1758-1828, introduce phrenology in Germany. Johann Spurzheim, 1776-1832, further developed the idea. |
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Definition
| Franz Joseph Gall, 1758-1828, introduce p_______ in Germany. Johann S______ , 1776-1832, further developed the idea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Who turned phrenology into a business in America? |
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Term
| Instinct is a class of responses (some call it inherited behavior) shown by most (all) members of a species and highly dependent on specific stimuli in the environment. |
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Definition
| I________ is a class of responses (some call it inherited b________) shown by most (all) members of a s_____ and highly dependent on specific s______ in the environment. |
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Term
| After 1890 American psychologists adopted Wundt's methods but began to drop Wundt's insistence on introspective reports. |
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Definition
| After 1890 American psychologists adopted W____'s 's methods but began to drop Wundt's insistence on i_______ r______. |
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Term
| Over the years of 1890 to 1912 experiments in psychology continued to increase emphasis on behavioral results. |
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Definition
| Over the years of 1890 to 1912 experiments in psychology continued to increase emphasis on b_____ r_____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener (analytic introspection) were the best-known s___________ . |
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Term
| Margaret Washburn, 1871-1939 |
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Definition
| Who was a student of Titchener's that was also the first woman Ph.D in psychology? |
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Term
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Definition
| A school of psychology founded by Titchener that considered psychology to be the study of conscious experience. |
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Term
| According to Titchener, structural psychology was to functional psychology as anatomy was to physiology. |
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Definition
| According to Titchener, structural psychology was to f_______ psychology as a_____was to p________y. |
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Term
| For Titchener adding unnecessary meaning to the stimulus instead of reporting sensations and feelings was called the stimulus error. |
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Definition
| For Titchener adding unnecessary meaning to the stimulus instead of reporting s_______ and f______ was called the st____ e______. |
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Term
| Functionalism was a school of psychology as a protest against structuralism. The emphasis was on the importance of activities or psychological functions. |
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Definition
| F_______ was a school of psychology as a protest against st_____m. The emphasis was on the importance of activities or p_____l functions. |
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Term
| The functionalists viewed consciousness as a set of rules of the world that guide the organism, as a social construction. Consciousness is speech. |
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Definition
| The functionalists viewed consciousness as a s___ of r_____of the world that guide the organism, as a social c_____ . Consciousness is s______. |
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Term
| The school of functionalism studied processes and mental operations. They were pragmatic and eclectic. |
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Definition
| The school of functionalism studied p_____ and m______ operations. They were pr_____c and e______c |
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Term
| Pragmatism was an American philosophy that stressed the practical consequences of philosophical ideas. |
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Definition
| Pragmatism was an A______ philosophy that stressed the p______l c________ s of philosophical ideas. |
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Term
| In pragmatism, beliefs are not forever false or true, beliefs are habits upon which we are prepared to act. Accept an idea as true if it is useful in the conduct of life. |
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Definition
| In p_____ , beliefs are not forever false or true, beliefs are h____s upon which we are prepared to a__. Accept an idea as t___ if it is useful in the conduct of l____. |
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Term
| John Dewey, 1859-1952, was primarily a philosopher and is credited with starting the school of functionalism. Dewey gave us the concept of the reflex arc. |
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Definition
| J_____ D_____, 1859-1952, was primarily a ph______ and is credited with starting the school of f_______. Dewey gave us the concept of the r_____ a__. |
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Term
| G. Stanley Hall, 1844-1924, founded the American Psychological Association in 1892 and was the first president of the APA. He also founded the American Journal of Psychology. |
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Definition
| G. S____ H_____, 1844-1924, founded the A____ Psy_____ Association in 1892 and was the first president of the APA. He also founded the A____ J_____ of Psychology. |
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Term
| The Psychonomic Society was founded in 1960. The founding members felt that the APA was too dominated by clinical interests. |
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Definition
| The P_____c Society was founded in 1960. The founding members felt that the APA was too dominated by c_____ i______. |
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Term
| The American Psychological Society was founded in 1988 by experimental and academic psychologists who felt that the APA was primarily interested in the concerns of clinicians. |
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Definition
| The A_______ Psychological S______was founded in 1988 by e_____ and a______ psychologists who felt that the APA was primarily interested in the concerns of c________s . |
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Term
| James McKeen Cattel, 1860-1944, introduced the term “mental tests”, founded several psychological journals and the Psychological Corporation. |
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Definition
| He introduced the term “mental tests”, founded several psychological journals and the P_____ C__________ |
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Term
| William James, 1842-1910, the founder of American psychology was the most prominent early American psychologist and a functionalists. |
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Definition
| The founder of American psychology and was the most prominent early American psychologist and a f__________. |
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Term
| For James the main method of scientific psychology was armchair introspection. |
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Definition
| For James the main method of scientific psychology was a_______ i__________. |
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Term
| James objected to the copy theory of consciousness and proposed the relational theory, consciousness is not a special world but rather the relation between self and the world. |
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Definition
| He objected to the c_____ theory of consciousness and proposed the r________theory, consciousness is not a special world but rather the relation between s____ and the w_______. |
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Term
| James objected to the copy theory of consciousness and proposed the relational theory, consciousness is not a special world but rather the relation between self and the world. |
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Definition
| J_____ objected to the copy theory of consciousness and proposed the relational theory, consciousness is not a special world but rather the relation between self and the world. |
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Term
| According to James, consciousness can be understood as an ever-changing stream that chooses its material. |
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Definition
| According to James, consciousness can be understood as an e____-ch____ st______ that chooses its material. |
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Term
| The James-Lange theory of emotion says that emotion consist of sensory feedback from feelings generated by our bodies in response to certain stimuli. See bear-Run away-Feel scared. |
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Definition
| This theory says that emotion consist of sensory feedback from feelings generated by our bodies in response to certain stimuli. See bear-Run away-Feel scared. |
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Term
| Walter B. Cannon, 1871-1945, gave us the word “homeostatis” and an alternative to the James-Lange theory. |
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Definition
| gave us the word “________” and an alternative to the James-Lange theory. |
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Term
| The Cannon-Bard Theory claims that a fearful stimulus simultaneously causes physiological responses and the emotion of fear. |
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Definition
| claims that a f______ stimulus simultaneously causes phy______ responses and the emotion of fear. |
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Term
| Stanley Schacter, 1922-1997, convinced us that social factors influence our perception of emotions. Cognitive emotion theory usually has thinking coming first. |
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Definition
| He convinced us that s____ f______ influence our perception of e_____. Cognitive emotion theory usually has thinking coming first. |
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Term
| Shachter's experiment showed that arousal can be labeled quite differently, depending on the situation. |
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Definition
| Shachter's experiment showed that a______ can be labeled quite differently, depending on the s_______ . |
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Term
| One way of thinking about consciousness is that it involves verbal behavior. When we say that we are aware (self awareness) of what is happening we are reporting that we can talk about the events. |
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Definition
| One way of thinking about c______ is that it involves v____ b_______. When we say that we are a_____(self awareness) of what is happening we are reporting that we can talk about the events. |
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Term
| Although consciousness is not necessary for learning, awareness can facilitate learning. |
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Definition
| Although consciousness is not necessary for l_______ , a_______can facilitate learning. |
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Term
| Edward Thorndike, 1874-1949, was a transition figure between functionalism and behaviorism. |
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Definition
| E_____ Th_______, 1874-1949, was a transition figure between f_____ and b_______. |
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Term
| Thorndike will always be remembered as a learning theorist. The early behaviorists were all functionalists. |
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Definition
| Thorndike will always be remembered as a l_______ th_____ . The early behaviorists were all f_________. |
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Term
| Edward L. Thorndike did experiments with animals instead of the anecdotal method of George Romanes. |
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Definition
| Edward L. Thorndike did experiments with a_______ instead of the an______l m______ of George Romanes. |
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Term
| Thorndike wanted to see if learning was inherited and he started with chickens but decided that would take too long and switched to cats. |
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Definition
| Thorndike wanted to see if learning was inherited and he started with ch______ but decided that would take too long and switched to c__s. |
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Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effect says that pleasurable consequences following a response will increase the frequency of that response. |
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Definition
| Th_____ 's Law of E______says that pleasurable consequences following a r_______will increase the f______ of that response. |
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Term
| Connectionism was an explanation of the Law of effect. Positive consequences strengthen and negative consequences weaken the connections. |
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Definition
| C__________ was an explanation of the Law of effect. Positive c_______ strengthen and negative consequences w______ the connections. |
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Term
| Wolfgang Kohler complained “What can they do in a small box? We need to study animals under more natural conditions.” |
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Definition
| complained “What can they do in a small box? We need to study animals under more n________ conditions.” |
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Term
| Robert S. Woodworth, 18669-1962, published a revised edition of his textbook, Experimental Psychology, in 1954 along with Harold Schlossberg. |
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Definition
| R____ S. W_____ published a revised edition of his textbook, Ex_______Psychology, in 1954 along with Harold SchloSch_______ ssberg. |
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Term
| According to Ivan Pavlov, conditioned salivary responses were “psychic secretions” |
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Definition
| According to Ivan Pavlov, conditioned salivary responses were “p______ s________” |
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Term
| Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was very important because so many species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. |
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Definition
| Pavlov's research on cl_____ c_______ was very important because so many sp_____ of an_____s, including humans, can be cl_____ conditioned. |
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Term
| Classical conditioning, Pavlovian, Respondent (all 3 terms mean the same thing), has been demonstrated in all animals and with almost every reflex. |
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Definition
| Classical conditioning, Pavlovian, Respondent,(all 3 terms mean the same thing) has been demonstrated in all animals and with almost every r____x. |
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Term
| The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a stimulus that produces the conditioned response (CR), the CS acquires its power through previous pairing with a US. |
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Definition
| The c_____ s______(CS) is a stimulus that produces the c_______r_____ (CR), the CS acquires its power through previous p______ with a US. |
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Term
| Classical conditioning is the repeated pairing of a previously neutral stimulus (CS) with an eliciting US. Now the new stimulus can elicit the response (CR) |
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Definition
| C______ c_______ is the repeated pairing of a previously neutral stimulus (CS) with an eliciting US. Now the new stimulus can elicit the response (CR) |
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Term
| Two things are happening, (1) the CS and the US are presented together and (2) in the future the CS alone can elicit a response. |
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Definition
| Two things are happening, (1) the CS and the US are presented t_______and (2) in the f_______ the CS alone can elicit a response. |
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Term
| The framework for any learning theory must include: a) Acquisition, b) Maintenance, c) Extinction, d) Spontaneous Recovery, e) Generalization, f) Discrimination |
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Definition
| The framework for any learning theory must include: a) A______, b) M______ , c) ex______, d) sp______ r_______, e) G_______, f) D_________ |
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Term
| In Aldous Huxley's “Brave New World” infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the noise is the US |
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Definition
| In Aldous Huxley's “Brave New World” i______ develop a f______of books after books are repeatedly presented with a l_____ n______. In this fictional example, the noise is the ___ |
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Term
| James McConnell conditioned flatworms to contract their bodies to a light by repeatedly pairing the light (CS) with electric shock (US). |
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Definition
| J______ Mc_______ conditioned f_______s to contract their bodies to a light by repeatedly pairing the light (CS) with e_____ s_______ (US). |
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Term
| The establishment and gradual strengthening of the response (CR) to the light is called acquisition |
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Definition
| The establishment and gradual strengthening of the response (CR) to the light is called a_______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| So, what is "automatic maintenance?" |
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Term
| Extinction occurs when the CS is no longer paired with the US. |
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Definition
| E________ occurs when the CS is no longer paired with the US. |
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Term
| Kathy developed an intense fear of flying after being in a plane crash. The fact that she can today fly again without distress indicates that her fear has undergone extinction. |
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Definition
| Kathy developed an intense fear of flying after being in a plane crash. The fact that she can today fly again without distress indicates that her fear has u________ e__________. |
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Term
| Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance after a rest period, of an extinguished CR. |
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Definition
| s_____ r______refers to the reappearance after a rest period, of an extinguished CR. |
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Term
| If a child who has been bitten by a dog now fears all dogs, generalization has taken place. |
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Definition
| If a child who has been bitten by a dog now fears all dogs, g________ has taken place. |
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Term
| Generalization is to give the same response to different stimuli |
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Definition
| G________ is to give the same response to different stimuli |
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Term
| If you are dating one of a set of twins, you will quickly learn to discriminate. |
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Definition
| If you are dating one of a set of twins, you will quickly l______ to d_______e. |
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Term
| Discrimination is to give different responses to different stimuli |
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Definition
| D_______ is to give different responses to different stimuli |
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Term
| Latency is the amount of time between the onset of the CS and the onset of the CR |
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Definition
| L_______ is the amount of time between the onset of the CS and the onset of the CR |
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Term
| Second-order or higher-order conditioning is the pairing of a new neutral stimulus with an already established CS. |
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Definition
| S_____-o______ or h______-o_______ conditioning is the pairing of a new neutral stimulus with an already established CS. |
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Term
| Contiguity is not enough, there must be contingency between CS and US for classical conditioning to take place |
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Definition
| C________ is not enough, there must be c_______y between CS and US for classical conditioning to take place |
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Term
| When John Garcia made rats sick, the rats avoided the most recently ingested food |
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Definition
| When J_____ G______a made rats sick, the rats a_____ the most recently ingested food |
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Term
| Garcia educated us about biological predispositions. His rats learned to avoid tastes and places but not lights and sounds associated with radiation. |
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Definition
| Garcia educated us about b_____l predis_________s. His rats learned to avoid tastes and places but not lights and sounds associated with r________. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization is combining relaxation with an increasing fear producing hierarchy of stimuli. |
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Definition
| S_______ d_________is combining relaxation with an increasing fear producing hierarchy of st________. |
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Term
| A phobia is an irrational fear of a stimulus that is not aversive. The etiology (cause) of most phobias contains examples of classical conditioning. |
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Definition
| A ph______ is an irrational fear of a stimulus that is not av______ve . The etiology (cause) of most phobias contains examples of classical conditioning. |
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Term
| The Wagner-Resorla model is a mathematical theory of classical conditioning that gives us the concepts of excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. |
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Definition
| The W_____-R______ model is a mathematical theory of classical conditioning that gives us the concepts of ex_______ and in________y conditioning. |
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Term
| The aplysia (a type of fish??) have very large neurons. Eric Kandel received the Nobel Prize for demonstrating classical conditioning in these neurons. |
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Definition
| The a_______a have very large neurons. Eric K______ received the Nobel Prize for demonstrating classical conditioning in these neurons. |
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Term
| Recent work by other scientists may show us operant conditioning in the aplysia neurons. |
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Definition
| Recent work by other scientists may show us o_______ c_______in the aplysia n_____ns. |
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Term
Jacques Loeb a major influence on Watson, believed that tropisms, directed mechanical movements, could account for much behavior in higher organisms.
(from Online Dictionary: tropism - the turning or bending movement of an organism or a part toward or away from an external stimulus, such as light, heat, or gravity) |
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Definition
| J________ L______, a major influence on Watson, believed that tr_____s, directed mechanical movements, could account for much behavior in higher o______ms. |
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Term
| J.B. Watson was the first to emphasize that psychology should be restricted to the scientific study of observable behavior. |
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Definition
| Who was the first to emphasize that psychology should be restricted to the scientific study of ob_______ b_______. |
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Term
| The study of Little Albert was Watson and Raynor's demonstration that specific fears could be classically conditioned. |
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Definition
| The study of L______ A______ was Watson and Raynor's demonstration that specific f_______ could be classically conditioned. |
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Term
| According to Watson, most adult human emotions are conditioned emotional responses. |
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Definition
| According to Watson, most adult human emotions are c______ e______ r________s |
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Term
| When Watson says that psychology is the science concerned with the description, prediction, and control of behavior, he is following the philosophy of Positivism. |
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Definition
| When Watson says that psychology is the science concerned with the description, prediction, and control of behavior, he is following the philosophy of P_________. |
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Term
| When Watson argued that psychologists should ignore consciousness because it is private and science deals only with public data, he is laying the basis for methodological behaviorism. |
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Definition
| When Watson argued that psychologists should i______consciousness because it is pr_____ and science deals only with public d_____, he is laying the basis for me_____ b________ism |
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Term
| The first half of Watson's quote is in every modern intro text but not the second half. |
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Definition
| What's rather interesting, according to Dr. Dippner, with regards to Watson's famous quote often found in most introductory psychology books? (Hint: it's in regard's to Watson's quote's being complete) |
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Term
| Clark Hull attempted to develop a complete learning theory from postulates (“givens”), that generated testable theorems by deduction. A hypothetico-deductive system |
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Definition
| C_____ H______attempted to develop a complete l_____ th_____ from postulates (“givens”), that generated testable theorems by d_______n . A hy______etico -d______ve system |
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Term
| Drive, a Hullian concept, is a hypothetical state of the animal that shows changes in classes of behavior not attributable to disease, learning or growth. Drive may be manipulated by deprivation |
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Definition
| Drive, a H______n concept, is a hyp______ state of the animal that shows changes in classes of behavior not attributable to disease, learning or growth. Drive may be m_______d by dep______ion |
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Term
| Hull says that behavior is best explained by the reduction of tension,k drive-reduction, which is associated with needs. Performance = drive X habit strength. |
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Definition
| Hull says that behavior is best explained by the r______ of t_____n, k drive-r______, which is associated with needs. Per______ce = drive X habit strength. |
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Term
| The reinforcement mechanism in Hull's theory is the drive reduction that results when a hungry animal eats. |
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Definition
| The r_______t m__________ in Hull's theory is the drive reduction that results when a hungry animal eats. |
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Term
| Drive reduction leads to increases in habit strength. This is a drive-reduction theory of learning, a homeostatic model. |
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Definition
| Drive reduction leads to i_______ in habit str______. This is a d______-reduction theory of l_______, a homeostatic model. |
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Term
| Hull adopted the idea of incentive motivation from Kenneth Spence. This is the idea that quality or quantity of a reinforcer influences performance. |
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Definition
| Hull adopted the idea of in______ motivation from K_____th Spence. This is the idea that q_____ty or quantity of a re______r influences performance. |
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Term
| Excitatory potential is the product of habit strength, drive, and incentive motivation. |
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Definition
| E_______ p_______is the product of habit strength, drive, and incentive motivation. |
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Term
| Hull gave as the main reason for excluding consciousness from psychology the argument that it was not necessary in his postulate system. |
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Definition
| Hull gave as the main reason for ex______ c________ from psychology the argument that it was not necessary in his pos_______e system. |
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Term
| Hull's theory predicts some unexpected findings but it is far less parsimonious that Skinner's theory. |
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Definition
| Hull's theory predicts some unexpected findings but it is far less p_______ that Sk______r's theory. |
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Term
| Edward Tolman studied rats in mazes and offered cognitive maps as an explanation. |
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Definition
| E________ T_________ studied rats in mazes and offered cognitive maps as an explanation. |
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Term
| Tolman has given us the concept of cognitive maps. An hypothetical construct offered as an explanation is an explanatory fiction. |
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Definition
| Tolman has given us the concept of cognitive maps. An hypothetical construct offered as an explanation is an ex_________ f_______. |
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Term
| Latent learning is taking place when no reinforcing stimulus has been presented and the response has not occurred. |
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Definition
| L______ l_______ is taking place when no reinforcing stimulus has been presented and the response has n___ occurred. |
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Term
| To cite latent learning as an explanation of the observations gets you nowhere. |
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Definition
| Is it useful to cite latent learning? |
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Term
| Edwin Guthrie developed a one-trial contiguity theory of learning that did not require the concept of reinforcement. |
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Definition
| Ed______ G_____developed a o___-trial c______ty theory of learning that did not require the concept of re________nt. |
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Term
| Arnold Gesell, an early behaviorist, tested over 10,000 children and never lost one of them |
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Definition
| A_____d G_______l, an early behaviorist, tested over 10,000 ch_______ and never lost one of them |
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Term
| Eleanor Gibson demonstrated depth perception in monocular animals in her visual cliff experiments. |
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Definition
| Eleanor G_____n demonstrated d_______ p________n in monocular animals in her visual cliff experiments. |
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Term
| Harry Harlow demonstrated the importance of contact in development. |
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Definition
| H_______y H_______w demonstrated the importance of contact in development. |
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Term
| Jacob Kantor's interbehaviorism was a forerunner to ecological psychology |
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Definition
| Jacob Kantor's i___________m was a forerunner to ecological psychology |
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Term
| B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who invented the Skinner box, studied operant conditioning and especially schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| B.F. S_______ was a radical b_______who invented the S______box, studied operant conditioning and especially schedules of re________t |
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Term
| A cumulative recorder shows the total number of responses as a function of time. |
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Definition
| A c________ r________r shows the total number of responses as a function of time. |
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Term
| Behavior is anything a dead man can't do. |
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Definition
| Behavior is a______ a d__d m__ can't do. |
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Term
| Operants are emitted and operate on the environment. |
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Definition
| Operants are e_____ and operate on the e_______. |
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Term
| A consequence is an event produced by an operant. |
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Definition
| A c________ is an event produced by an operant. |
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Term
| A functional analysis is to identify when a behavior (crying) is or is not an operant behavior. |
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Definition
| A f________ a________ is to identify when a behavior (crying) is or is not an operant behavior. |
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Term
| A reinforcer is any consequence that strengthens behavior (I say, stimulus and increase). |
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Definition
| A reinforcer is any c______e that s_______ b_______(I say, stimulus and increase). |
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Term
| A reinforcer is always a stimulus, quantifiable and measurable. |
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Definition
| A reinforcer is always a st______, quantifiable and m________. |
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Term
| Shaping is successive approximations. |
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Definition
| Sh____ng is successive approximations. |
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Term
| Acquisition, Maintenance, Extinction, Resistance to extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, and Discrimination must be part of any learning theory. |
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Definition
| A______n , Ma________ce, Ex_________n , Resistance to ex________ , Spo________ous recovery, G________n , and Dis_________ion must be part of any learning theory. |
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Term
| Positive Reinforcement is the presentation of a positive stimulus followed by an increase in behavior. |
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Definition
| Pos______ R_____________ is the presentation of a positive stimulus followed by an increase in behavior. |
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Term
| Negative reinforcement is the removal of a negative stimulus followed by an increase in behavior. |
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Definition
| N_________ r_________ is the removal of a negative stimulus followed by an increase in behavior. |
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Term
| Punishment is the presentation of a negative stimulus, Punishment decreases behavior. |
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Definition
| P___________ is the presentation of a negative stimulus, Punishment decreases behavior. |
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Term
| Negative punishment includes Time Out, response cost and over-correction (ex “over and over again”...) |
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Definition
| N_______ punishment includes Time O_t, response cost and over-________ . |
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Term
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Definition
| How many basic schedules of reinforcement? |
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Term
| A comparison of classical and operant conditioning is always important. |
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Definition
| A comparison of classical and o______ t conditioning is always important. |
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Term
| Skinner's book “Beyond Freedom and Dignity” was one of many controversial social commentaries. |
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Definition
| Skinner's book “B_______ Freedom and D________y” was one of many controversial social commentaries. |
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Term
| Skinner gave credit to Freud for one great idea. It was that the causes of behavior are largely unconscious. |
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Definition
| Skinner gave credit to Freud for one great idea. It was that the causes of behavior are largely u___________. |
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Term
| In the experimental analysis of behavior statistics are not used because they believe that there is no such thing as error variance. |
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Definition
| In the experimental analysis of behavior, s________sare not used because they believe that there is no such thing as er___r var_____. |
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Term
| Variability of behavior is a failure in experimental control. |
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Definition
| V________y of b_______r is a failure in experimental control. |
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Term
| The American Psychological Association refused to publish single-subject experiments in learning but not in sensation/perception. |
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Definition
| The American Psychological Association refused to publish s_____-subject ex________ in learning but not in sen_______ /per________n. |
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Term
| Single-subject designs are a viable alternative to group statistics. Ebbinghaus, Pavlov, and SDT used them |
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Definition
| S_____-s_______designs are a viable alternative to group statistics. Ebbinghaus, Pavlov, and S__ used them |
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Term
| A baseline is a stable performance level of an operant that we wish to change. A baseline is like a steady state in physiology. |
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Definition
| A b________ is a stable performance level of an operant that we wish to change. A baseline is like a steady state in physiology. |
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Term
| Group statistics are done after the experiment, single-subject designs are done during the experiment. |
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Definition
| Gr_____ statistics are done after the experiment, sin____ -subject designs are done dur____ the experiment. |
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Term
| In psychology we are not trying to change the group mean. The CDC uses group statistics. |
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Definition
| In psychology we are not trying to change the gr____ m_____. The CDC uses group statistics. |
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Term
| Some behaviors are not reversible, so the ABA (design) must be replaced with a multiple baseline design. |
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Definition
| Some behaviors are not reversible, so the ABA (design) must be replaced with a m_________ b__________ design. |
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Term
| Skinner and Fred Keller thought that teaching machines were the answer to education. |
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Definition
| Skinner and Fred Keller thought that t_______ m_________ were the answer to education. |
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Term
| Another contribution from Skinner was the idea of token economies. |
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Definition
| Another contribution from Skinner was the idea of t_______ e________. |
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Term
| Breland's book was titled “The Misbehavior of Organism” as a pun on Skinner's book “The Behavior of Organisms” |
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Definition
| Breland's book was titled “The M________r of Organism” as a pun on Skinner's book “The Behavior of Organisms” |
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Term
| For Noam Chomsky, language is rule-governed by inner mental structures. |
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Definition
| For Noam CH_______ , language is r___e-governed by inner m______ structures. |
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Term
| Begleiter says that alcoholism is a genetic influenced disease, not a genetic disease like Huntington's Chorea (dict online: Chorea is a nervous system disease) |
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Definition
| Begleiter says that alcoholism is a g______ in_________ disease, not a genetic disease like Huntington's Chorea |
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Term
| Terrace's error-less discrimination does not show the peak shift phenomenon (Terrace used pigeons to test green-red discrimination.) |
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Definition
| Terrace's error-less discrimination does not show the peak shift phenomenon. |
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Term
| O.H. Mowrer, a contemporary of Hull, proposed a two-factor theory of learning, sign learning and solution learning, which we now call classical and operant. |
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Definition
| O.H. Mowrer, a contemporary of Hull, proposed a t__-factor theory of learning, sign learning and solution learning, which we now call cl_____ and op_____. |
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Term
| An intervening variable is a theoretical concept that has an operational definition. |
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Definition
| An i________ v__________ is a theoretical concept that has an operational definition. |
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Term
| A theoretical concept that has surplus meaning beyond its operational definition is a hypothetical construct. Meehl and MacCorquodale. |
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Definition
| A theoretical concept that has surplus meaning beyond its o______ definition is a hy________ construct. Meehl and MacC_____. |
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Term
| A basic assumption of radical behavioralism is that explanations of behaviors are to be found in external events. |
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Definition
| A basic assumption of radical behavioralism is that explanations of behaviors are to be found in ex_____ ev___. |
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Term
| The main problem with a mental explanation is that it requires a return to external events in order to have an adequate account. |
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Definition
| The main problem with a mental ex______is that it requires a return to ex______ events in order to have an adequate account. |
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Term
| Thinking, choosing, discriminating, feeling, etc. are not explanations of behavior but rather are behaviors and are to be explained with the same terms used for overt behaviors. |
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Definition
| Thinking, choosing, discriminating, feeling, etc. are not ex______ of behavior but rather are b______and are to be explained with the same terms used for o____behaviors. |
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Term
| The astronomer is inconsistent when he says “the sun rises” or “the stars come out” but he uses them in ordinary conversation. |
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Definition
| The astronomer is in_________t when he says “the sun rises” or “the stars come out” but he uses them in ordinary con______n. |
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Term
| Psychology is prone to transfer verbs into nouns and then go hunting for the things denoted by the nouns. Memory, thought, and sensation are good examples. |
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Definition
| Psychology is prone to tr_____ verbs into nouns and then go hunting for the things denoted by the n_____ . M____ , thought, and s_____nare good examples. |
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Term
| The mind is not a thing, it is what you do. “To change your mind”, is to behave differently. |
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Definition
| The mind is not a th______ , it is what you do. “To change your mind”, is to b______ differently. |
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Term
| Paracelsus (1493-1541) thought that magnetic fluids emanated from the hypnotist's body. |
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Definition
| Par_____us (1493-1541) thought that magnetic f_____s emanated from the hypnotist's b______. |
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Term
| Anton Mesmer (1734-1815 was taught by Father Maximillian Hell. Max taught “suggestion” Mesmer believed in magnets. |
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Definition
| Anton Mesmer (1734-1815 was taught by Father Maximillian Hell. Max taught “sug______” Mesmer believed in m____ts. |
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Term
| James Braid (1795-1860) called it neurohypnology from the Greek god of sleep, Hypnos and thus hypnosis. He agreed with Max. |
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Definition
| James Braid (1795-1860) called it n___________y from the Greek god of sleep, Hypnos and thus hypnosis. He agreed with Max. |
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Term
| Jean Charcot (1825-1893) taught hypnosis to Freud. A student of Charcot, Pierre Janet (1859-1947), was interested in hypnosis, hysteria, the theory of neurosis. |
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Definition
| Jean Charcot (1825-1893) taught hypnosis to F_______. A student of Charcot, Pierre Janet (1859-1947), was interested in h_______s , hyst_____a , the theory of neurosis. |
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Term
| Janet did much to attract attention to the problem of mental illness. His work began many of the ideas that we find in psychoanalysis. |
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Definition
| Janet did much to attract attention to the problem of m_____ il______s. His work began many of the ideas that we find in psy________sis. |
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Term
| James Esdialle (1808-1859) carried out 300 operations in India with hypnosis as the only analgesic. |
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Definition
| James E_____le (1808-1859) carried out 300 o________s in India with hypnosis as the only anal_____c. |
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Term
| John Elliotson (1791-1868) founded a hospital that forbid him to practice mesmerism. 1844, Ether, 1847, Chloroform and N.O. Solved the analgesic problem. |
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Definition
| John E_____tson (1791-1868) founded a hospital that forbid him to practice m_____m. 1844, Eth___, 1847, Chl_____ and N._. Solved the analgesic problem. |
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Term
| There is no physiological measure that distinguishes between the hypnotized and the not hypnotized. The EEG looks like the awake stage, definitely not like stage IV. |
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Definition
| There is? or is not? no physiological measure that distinguishes between the hyp____d and the not hypnotized. The EEG looks like the a____ stage, definitely not like stage IV. |
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Term
| Advocates of the divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis argue that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. |
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Definition
| Advocates of the divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis argue that hypnosis is an a________ s_______ of c_________s. |
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Term
| Ernest and Josephine Hilgard created the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. They also introduced the idea of an “hidden observer” in pain experiments. |
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Definition
| Er____t and Josephine Hi_____ created the Stanford Hy____ Sus_______ Scale. They also introduced the idea of an “h____n ob______” in pain experiments. |
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Term
| Research on susceptibility to hypnosis indicates that people who are very responsive to hypnotic suggestion tend to have rich fantasy lives. |
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Definition
| Research on s_____y to h______s indicates that people who are very responsive to hyp_____c s_______n tend to have r____ f______y lives. |
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Term
| Nick Spanos and Ted Barber argue that hypnosis is fulfilling social role expectations. A good subject is like a member of the audience or a role player. |
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Definition
| Nick Sp____ and Ted Barber argue that hypnosis is fulfilling soc______ role ex_______s. A good subject is like a member of the audience or a r____ player. |
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Term
| For psychologists like Spanos, hypnosis is a state of enhanced suggestibility. |
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Definition
| For psychologists like Sp__os, hypnosis is a state of en_____ s_________y. |
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Term
| Hypnosis is to set aside critical judgment to a degree and indulge in make-believe and fantasy. |
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Definition
| Hypnosis is to set aside cr____l j_______t to a degree and indulge in make-believe and f_____y. |
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Term
| The evidence for memory enhancement (hypnotic-based) is anecdotal not experimental. |
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Definition
| The evidence for memory enhancement (hypnotic-based) is an_______ not ex________. |
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Term
| Under hypnosis we find an increased willingness to report uncertain memories with strong conviction. |
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Definition
| Under hypnosis we find an increased w_______s to report uncertain m______ies with st___g conviction. |
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Term
| Hypnotists may unwittingly suggest memories and thus create psuedomemories. |
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Definition
| Hypnotists may unwittingly sugg_____t memories and thus create p_________s. |
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Term
| Hypnosis can be like therapy, you follow the hypnotist as you would follow the therapist to cure your unhappniess. |
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Definition
| Hypnosis can be like th____y , you follow the hyp_____ as you would follow the therapist to cure your un_____ss. |
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Term
| Research indicates that memories recovered during hypnosis tend to be a combination of fact and fiction. |
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Definition
| Research indicates that memories recovered during hypnosis tend to be a combination of f___t and fic__ion. |
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Term
| There is no evidence that post-hypnotic suggestion works and age regression (progression) is pure fantasy. |
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Definition
| There is no evidence that p___-hyp_____c s_________n works and a__ regression (progression) is pure fantasy. |
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Term
| In an experiment, hypnotized subjects correctly reported the day of the week on which their fourth, seventh, or tenth birthday occurred. |
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Definition
| In an experiment, hypnotized subjects correctly reported the d__ of the w____ on which their fourth, seventh, or tenth b____y occurred. |
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Term
| One theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by distracting attention. |
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Definition
| One theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by d_______ a______. |
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Term
| Martin Orne began the use of simulators as control subjects in hypnosis experiments. |
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Definition
| Martin O___ began the use of si______rs as control subjects in hypnosis experiments. |
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Term
| Orne and Evans discovered that unhypnotized subjects performed the same dangerous acts as hypnotized subjects. |
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Definition
| Orne and Evans discovered that un_________subjects performed the same dangerous acts as h______ s______s. |
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Term
| The Orne and Evans results are most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves conscious role-playing. |
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Definition
| The Orne and Evans results are most consistent with the theory that hy______ involves c______s r___-pl____g. |
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Term
| Ethologists are behaviorists that like their animals. |
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Definition
| E______s are behaviorists that like their animals. |
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Term
| Instinct had been driven out of American psychology by 1930 only to be revived by the ethologists (biologists?) who received the Nobel Prize in 1973. |
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Definition
| "I____ct" had been driven out of American psychology by 1930 only to be revived by the eth_____ (biologists?) who received the Nobel Prize in 1973. |
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Term
| Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) investigated species-specific (reproductive) behavior in the 3-spined stickleback fish. |
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Definition
| Niko T_____ (1907-1988) investigated sp_____-spec______c (reproductive) behavior in the 3-spined stickleback fish. |
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Term
| Karl Von Frisch (1886-1982) studied communication or “dances” in honey bees. |
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Definition
| Karl Von F____sch (1886-1982) studied communication or “dances” in h____ b__s. |
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Term
| Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) not only studied imprinting but also aggression. He described instinct as innate behavior that showed sign of environmental modification (learning). |
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Definition
| Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) not only studied im_____g but also ag______n. He described instinct as i_____te behavior that showed sign of env________tal modification (l_____g). |
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Term
| Imprinting occurs when an animal exhibits behavior that is only exhibited to members of the same species but now exhibits the behavior to an object that moved near it a few hours after birth. |
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Definition
| I________occurs when an animal exhibits b________ that is only exhibited to members of the same species but now exhibits the behavior to an object that moved near it a few hours after birth. |
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Term
| If one animal shows a species-specific behavior and a second animal who has never done it before now does it, we call this mimetic behavior and it is not the same as imitative behavior. |
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Definition
| If one animal shows a species-specific behavior and a second animal who has never done it before now does it, we call this m_______behavior and it is not the same as im______ behavior. |
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Term
| Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) investitgated apparent movement, the phi phenomenon. |
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Definition
| Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) investitgated apparent movement, the p__ ph________n. |
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Term
| The phi phenomenon refers to the perception of movement created by the successive blinking of adjacent lights. |
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Definition
| This refers to the perception of movement created by the successive blinking of adjacent lights. |
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Term
| Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) introduced Gestalt theory to America. |
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Definition
| Who introduced Gestalt theory to America? |
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Term
| Wolfang Kohler (1887-1967) did experimental demonstrations of “insight” (Sultan..a chimpanzee) and also did Unweg studies (studies (umweg studies are situations designed for an animal to navigate an object and so forth) |
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Definition
| W______ng K_____r(1887-1967) did experimental demonstrations of “insight” (Sultan..a chimpanzee) and also did U___g studies. |
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Term
| Kohler is also responsible for beginning transposition studies.(learning the size difference of objects rather than the distinct features of it..”larger” rather than “specific size”) |
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Definition
| Kohler is also responsible for beginning tr__________n studies. |
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Term
| For a Gestalt psychologist insight is a reorganization of the perceptual field. For a behaviorist insight is a change in behavior (an “Aha!” experience). |
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Definition
| For a Gestalt psychologist insight is a reorganization of the p_____ f______. For a behaviorist insight is a ch____ in b_______r (an “Aha!” experience). |
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Term
| “The whole is more than the sum of the parts” is a basic definition of Gestalt psychology. |
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Definition
| What is a basic definition of Gestalt psychology that has to do with "whole/parts"? |
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Term
| A very basic Gestalt concept is that of Figure-Ground. |
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Definition
| A very basic Gestalt concept is that of F_____-Gr_____d. |
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Term
| Continuity, proximity, similarity, and closure are basic Gestalt principles of perception. |
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Definition
| C______y, p_______ y, sim_______ty, and cl_______e are basic Gestalt principles of perception. |
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Term
| The principles lead to a general Gestalt principle, the law of Pragnanz (good Gestalt). |
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Definition
| The principles lead to a general Gestalt principle, the law of P______z (good Gestalt). |
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Term
| In an illusory contour figure you will see contour that are not physically present. |
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Definition
| In an i______ c______r figure you will see contour that are not physically p________t. |
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Term
| An illustration of the law of Pragnanz is the Zeigarnik effect, the tendency to remember incomplete tasks longer than finished tasks. |
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Definition
| An illustration of the law of Pragnanz is the Z________k effect, the tendency to remember incomplete tasks longer than f_______d tasks. |
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Term
| Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) developed a topological (topology is the study of terrain) psychology. He gave us field theory, where hodology (a corss between the two: topology and psychology) shows the paths of energy in your life space |
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Definition
| Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) developed a t________l psychology. He gave us field theory, where h_______gy (a corss between the two: topology and psychology) shows the paths of energy in your life space |
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Term
| Lewin described three types of conflict, approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and avoidance-avoidance. |
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Definition
| Lewin described three types of conflict, a________h-approach, approach-avoidance, and av______ce-avoidance. |
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Term
| Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) coined the term “self-actualization” but it became the property of the Rogerians. |
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Definition
| Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) coined the term “s___f-act_______n” but it became the property of the Rogerians. |
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Term
| Karl Duncker (1903-1940) was a Gestalt psychologist interested in thinking. He proposed “functional fixedness” as opposite to creativity. |
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Definition
| Karl D_____r (1903-1940) was a Gestalt psychologist interested in thinking. He proposed “f_______ fix______s” as opposite to creativity. |
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Term
| Rollo May (1909-1994), existential therapy, and Fritz Perls( 1893-1970), Gestalt therapy, are two of my favorite therapists. |
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Definition
| Rollo M_y (1909-1994), ex_____l therapy, and Fritz P___ls ( 1893-1970), Gestalt therapy, are two of my favorite therapists. |
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Term
| The Gestalt therapists brought us the theory and practice of role playing. |
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Definition
| The Gestalt therapists brought us the theory and practice of r____ p______g. |
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