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| 1st social psychology experiment on social facilitation. Found that cyclists performed better when paced by other cyclists than when they rode alone. |
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| coisdered founder fo social psychology. He applied Gestalt theory to social psych. He conceived field theory. |
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| Attribution theory ad balance theory |
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| Balance and inbalance in a triad. Inbalance occurs whens someone agrees with someone they don't like or disagrees with someone they do not like. |
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| Fundamental sttribution error |
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| common tendency to attribute the causes of other's actions to their internal disposition rather than to the environment. We tend to attribute our own behavior on the circumstance. |
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| Actor-observer attributional divergence |
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| the tendency for a person who is doing the behavior to have a different oerspective on the situation than a person watching the behavior. |
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| interpreting one's own actions and motives in a positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for successes. |
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| assuming that two unrelated things have a relationship |
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| beleiving after the fact that you knew something all along |
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| thinking that if someone has one good quality, then he has only good qualities. |
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| when one's expectations draw out or cause the very behavior that is expected. |
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| assuming that most other people think as you do |
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| studied subjects who were firts made to beleive a statement and then were told it was false. The subjects who processed it and came up with their own logical explanations, continued to beleive the statement. |
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| showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do. |
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| overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with. Make predictions based on ireelevant information. |
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| M.J. Lerner. a beleif that good things happen to good people and that bad things happen to bad people. Tend to blame the victim. |
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| illusion of control - a beleif that you can control thinsg even when you cant. eg: lottery, gambling, superstition |
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| a tendency to make simple explanations for complex events and to hold o to original ideas even when new ideas are presented. |
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| Representativeness heuristic |
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| using a short cut to guess at an answer rather than relying on logic. |
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| people tend to make decisions based on how well they remember something. They think that that which is remembered is more imoportant. |
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| Cogitive dissonance theory |
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| self-perception theory : ppl take cues from their behavior. I always eat bread - therefore, I must like bread. |
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| the tendency to assume that we must not want to do things that we are paid or compensated to do. |
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| we tend to like people who like us. |
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| we will like someone more if thier liking for us has increased. |
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| ppl interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize costs. |
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| we prefer that our ratio of costs and rewards be the same as the other persons. |
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| people play close attentio ot their behavior. Often people change their behavior to become more favorable. |
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| behaving in ways that might make a good impression. |
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| the tendency for the presence of others to enhance or hinder performance. Robert Zajonc found that the presence of others helps with easy tasks but hinders complex tasks. |
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| evaluating one's own actions, abilities, opinions and ideas by comparing them to those of others. Used as an argument against mainstreaming. |
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| prisoner's dilemma and the trucking company game story |
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| When there are two criminals being detained,the best thing for them to do is to remain silent. However, because neither one or the other can trust each other, they end up spillin the beans. Same in truck company - best thing to do would be to agree on high prices but this would be risky and would require trust - therefore end up lowering their prices. Chose competition over cooperation. |
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| Stanley Milgram's Stimulus-Overlaod Theory |
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| explains why urbanites are less prosocial than country people. Urbanites don't need any more interaction. |
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| A person is most likely to conform when: |
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| there is a majority opinion, the majority has a unanimous position, the majority has high status, the situation is public, the individual was not previously committed to another position, the individual has low self-esteem, the individual scores high on a measure for authoritarianism. |
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| the refusal to conform that may occur as a result of a blatant attempt to control. |
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| Poeple will not conform when..... |
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| they have been forewarned that others will attempt the change them. |
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| electric shock conformity studies. Conditions that facilitated conformity were remoteness of victim, a legitimate-seeming commander, the conformity of other subjects. Males wetn along 66 percent of the time. |
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| Found that in the Milgram studied, that people wearing hoods and who were therfore deindividuated were more likely to administer high shocks. Also, classic prison studies. |
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| autokinetic effect conformity studies. |
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| A speaker is most likely to change a person's attitude if: |
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| the speaker is an expert, the speaker is similar to the listener, the speaker is acceptable to the listener, the speaker is overheard rather than obvioulsy trying to influence, the content is emotional, andecdotal and schocking, the person is part of a two side debate. |
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| Petty and Cacioppo elaboration likelihood model |
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| people process information via the 'central route' (deeper processing) or the 'peripheral route'. The former group tends to be less persuaded by superficial factors and are more likely to have longer lasting attitude changes, if persuaded. |
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| explains why an argument from a less credible source may become acceptable after the fact |
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| McGuire's inoculation theory |
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| people's beleifs are vulnerable if they have never faced challenge. Once they have had to defend a little of their argument, they are less vulnerable. Challenge is like a vaccination. |
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| occurs when individual identity or accountability is deemphasized. This may be the result of mingling in a crowd, wearing uniforms, or otherwise adopting a larger group identity. |
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| bystander effect - ppl less likely to help when others are present |
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| Diffusion of responsibility |
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| the tendency that the larger the group, the less likely individuals in the group will act or take responsibility. (resulting from deindividuation) |
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| is the tendency to work less hard in a group as the result of diffusion of responsibility. This is guarded against when each member is closely monitored. |
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| Muzafer Sherrif. Study on predjudice. Showed that group conflict is most effectively overcome by the need for cooperation attention to a higher superordinate goal. |
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| cotact with the opposing party decreases conflict. |
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| Group polorization and risky shift |
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| group discussion generally serves to strengthen the already dominant point of view. |
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| groups will take greater risks than individuals. James Stoner. |
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| group that has unquestioned beleifs, pressure to conform, invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness within, isolation from without and a strong leader. |
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| doll preference studies - instrumental in Brown v Board of Ed. |
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| members in oe group think that their members have more positive qualities and fewer negative qualities than the other group even though the qualities are the same in each. This is the basis of predjudice. |
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| In order of importance, we are attracted to people who: |
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| 1. are near us (propinquity) 2. are physically attractive 3. have smilar attitudes 4. like us back (reciprocity). Opposites don not attract. |
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| Reciprocity of disclosure |
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| Sharing secrets facilitates closeness |
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| the more we see or experience something, the more positive we rate it. |
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| studied stress and coping. Problem-focused coping (changing the stressor) or emotion-focused coping (changing our response to the stressor). |
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| self perception, self-monitoring, internality, self-efficacy. opposite of deindividuation. |
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| If someone agrees to a small request, likely to agree to a bigger one. |
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| If someone refuses a large request, likely to accept a smaller one. (sales tactic) |
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| nursing home residents that have plants to care for have better health and lower mortality rates. |
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| an instrument that measures physiological reactions in order to measure truthfulness of attitude self-reporting. |
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| people at work get promoted until they reach a position of incompetence, which is where they stay. |
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| environmental influences on behavior. Architecture matters - students in long halled dorms felt more stressed and withdrawn than those in suite-style dorms. |
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| Leopnard Burkowitz Frustration-agression Hypothesis |
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| relationship between frustration in acheiving a goal and aggression. |
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| studied racial bias and similarity of beleifs. People prefer to be with like minded people more than with like-skinned people. Racial bias decreases as attitude similarity increases. |
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| M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen |
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| found that general attitudes will not predict specific behaviors but that specific attitudes will predict specific behaviors. |
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| Eastern countries value interdependence and Western countried value independence. Some critisized this research for making generalizations. |
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| two types of love: passionate love and companionate love |
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| argued that humans have six emotions: sad, happy, angry, surprise and disgust. He did research cross-culturally. |
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| Facial Action Coding System- a way to code facial expressions. can tell the difference between a fake smile and a real smile. |
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| when two parties (ie: parents and children) adapt to or are socialized by each other. |
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