Term
| What is a personality trait |
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Definition
| A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations (honest, dependable, moody,impulsive,anxious,excitable,domineering,) |
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Term
| What is factor analysis and how it itt used to differentiate personality traits |
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Definition
| Factor analysis is the analysis of variables to find correlations to identify closely related clusters of variables. It is used to identify these hidden factors, the goal is to describe an individual's personality in just 16 traits |
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Term
| What is the concept of personality used to explain? |
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Definition
1. The stability in a persons behavior over time and across situations (consistency).
2. The behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situations (distinctiveness) |
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Term
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Definition
| Extroversion is positive emotionality(sociable, fun loving, affectionate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroticsm is negative emotionality. Worried, Insecure, Self-pitying |
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Term
| Define openness to experience |
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Definition
| Imaginative , Prefers variety, Independent |
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Term
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Definition
| Softhearted, trusting, Helpful |
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Term
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Definition
| Well organized, Careful, Self disciplined |
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Term
| What is a cardinal Trait? |
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Definition
| This is a trait that domnates and shapes person's behavior, these are the ruling passions and obsessions such as a need for money fame. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is ageneral caracteristic found in some degree in every person. These are the basic building blocs that shape most of our behavior although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits. An example is HONESTY. |
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Term
| What is a secondary trait |
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Definition
| these are characteristics seen only in certain circumstances such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know. They must be included to provide a complete picture of human complexity |
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Term
| What do the Big Five Traits predict. |
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Definition
| Grades, Career Success, and Divorce, Neuroticism is associated with poorer health and elevated mortality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primitive,instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle. (Houses raw biological urges like the need to sleep, defaecate, copulate, and so on) |
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Term
| What is the pleasure principle? |
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Definition
| Te need to immediately gratify urges. |
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Term
| ID engages what type of thinking? |
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Definition
| Primary-process thinking, Illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented. |
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Term
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Definition
| The decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. |
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Term
| The ego mediates the ID. How does it do this? |
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Definition
| The ego mediates the ID by allowing the external social world and its expectations and norms to regulate impassivity, in attaining gratification of an ID. |
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Term
| What is the reality principle and how does it guide ego? |
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Definition
The reality principle seeks to delay gratification of the ID's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.
The ego often works to tame the unbridled desires of the ID via reality principle. |
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Term
| Wat is secondary process thinking? |
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Definition
| Thinking which is relatively rational, realistic, and orientated toward problem solving. The ego uses this form of thinking in-order to maximize gratification long-term. |
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Term
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Definition
| Super ego is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. Throughout life, people receive training about what constitutes good and bad behavior. |
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Term
| What is the pre-conscious? |
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Definition
| The preconscious contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved, Examples include our middle name, what you ate for supper last night, an argument you had with your friend. |
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Term
| Defense mechanisms are used because? |
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Definition
| Defense mechanisms blanket unpleasant feelings and benefit one in the short term by destroying negative emotions. In the long term, they are destructive. |
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Term
| What four features do defense mechanisms have in common? |
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Definition
| 1. Initiated by the ego 2. Use is unconscious 3. Distort reality 4. Helpful at first and become highly destructive with passage of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributing one's own thoughts or feelings to another such as when a woman who dislikes her boss thinks she likes her boss but the boss doesn't like her. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target. A man angered from work screams at his spouse. |
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Term
| What is Reaction forming? |
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Definition
| Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one's true feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. Such as when an adult has a temper tantrum when he does not get his way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creating a false but plausible excuse to justify unacceptable behavior. A student watches TV instead of studying, saying that additional studying wouldn't do an good anyway |
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Term
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Definition
| Channeling unconsious and unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or admirable activities. A person obsessed with sex becomes a sex therapist and helps others with their sexual problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. Such as when a traumatized solider forgets the details of a close brush he had with death. |
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Term
| What is a Identification? |
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Definition
| Bolstering self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. An insecure male joins a fraternity to boost his self esteem. |
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Term
| Psychosexual development: Oral |
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Definition
| age 0-1, mouth sucks or bites during breast feeding and the infant is eventially weaned. |
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Term
| Psychosexual development: Anal |
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Definition
| ages 2-3 Expelling or retaining feces, Toilet training. |
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Term
| Psychosexual development: Phallic |
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Definition
| ages 4-5, individual discovers masturbation, |
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Term
| Psychosexual Development: Latency |
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Definition
| Ages 6-12, Expanding of social contacts occurs |
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Term
| Psychosexual Development: Genital |
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Definition
| Ages: Puberty -end of life,Establisment of intimate relationships, contributing to society through work. |
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Term
| What is the personal Unconscious? |
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Definition
| The person unconscious houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. |
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Term
| What is he collective unconscious? |
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Definition
| The collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's past. Each person shares the collective unconscious with the entire human race. It contains the spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Archetypes are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. |
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Term
| Adler's concept of individual psychology is based on striving for superiority. What is this? |
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Definition
| A Universal drive o adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compensation involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorites by developing one's abilities. |
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Term
| What is an inferiority complex? |
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Definition
| Exaggerated feelings off weakness and inadequacy. |
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Term
| What is Overcompensation? |
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Definition
| Overcompensation is used to conceal inferiority. From others or oneself. |
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Term
| What are the three major criticisms of the psycho-dynamic approach to personality? |
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Definition
| Poor testability, Inadequate evidence, Sexism. |
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Term
| What are the general views of the Behavioral Approach? |
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Definition
| Behavior is determined by the environment, Nurture is more influential than nature. Situational factors exert great influence over behavior. |
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Term
| What is the Behavioral view of personality development? |
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Definition
| Personality evolves gradually ove rte life span, not in stages, responses followed y reinforcement become frequented. |
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Term
| What is the Behavioral view of the root causes of disorders? |
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Definition
| Maladaptive behavior is due to faulty learning, |
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Term
| Who is the father of Behavioral psychology? |
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Definition
| B.F. Skinner- Known for conditioning rats. |
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Term
| Bandura's social cognitive theory says what? |
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Definition
| Observational learnin occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others. who are called models. |
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Term
| What is reciprocal determinism? |
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Definition
| The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence each other. |
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Term
| Walter Mischel believed what determines personality? |
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Definition
| The situation determines personality, people act differently at church than at beach party's. |
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Term
| What are the general views f the Humanistic approach? |
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Definition
| People are free to chart their own courses of action, they are not victims governed by the environment, People are largely conscious, rational beings, who are not driven by unconscious needs, A person's subjective view of the world is more important than objective reality. |
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Term
| What view does the humanistic approach take towards the view of personality development? |
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Definition
| Children who receive unconditional love have less need to be defensive; they develop more accurate, self concept. conditional love fosters in-congruence. |
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Term
| What does the humanistic approach believe is the root causes of disorders? |
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Definition
| In congruence between self and actual experience and over dependence on others for approval and sense of worth. |
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Term
| Who is considered the father of the humanistic approach? |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers, View of the world is more important then reality, Unconditional love yields individuals with less use of defense mechanisms. |
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Term
| Abraham Maslow's theory of self actualization encompasses the hierarchy of needs. What is this? |
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Definition
| The hierachy of needs puts emphasis on the need to satisfy basic needs before being able to work on things higher in the pyramid such as aesthetic needs. |
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Term
| What are the general view of the Biological Approach |
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Definition
| Behavior is largely determined by evolutionary adaptations, the wiring of the brain, and heredity,Nature is more influential than nurture. |
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Term
| What view of personality development does that the Biological View take?` |
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Definition
| Emphasis on unfolding of genetic blueprint with maturation; inherited predispositions interact with learning experiences. |
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Term
| What does the Biological approach attribute the cause of disorders? |
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Definition
| Genetic vulnerability activated in part by environmental factors. |
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Term
| Who is the father of Biological approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eysenck's Thoery says that personality is determined by a person's genes. What did he use to support his theory? |
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Definition
| The 5 higher order traits, extroversion,neurotic-ism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, Openness to experience. |
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Term
| What are the goals of Behavioral Genetics and Personality?> |
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Definition
| To prove that genetics largely influence personality. |
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Term
| What is the evolutionary perspective? |
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Definition
| Personality has a viological basis because natural selection has favored certain traits over the course of human history. |
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Term
| What is the terror management theory of personality? |
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Definition
| Self esteem is needed as humans are self aware and realize that life can end at anytime. |
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Term
| What is mortality salience? |
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Definition
| The degree to which subjects mortality is prominent in their minds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most widely used self report inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, |
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Term
| How are personality tests helpful. |
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Definition
| They cant assist in making clincal diagnoses of psychological disorders, Vocational councsling, Personnal selection in business or industry, and measuring specific personality traits for research purposes. |
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Term
| What are the 16PF and NEO? |
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Definition
| The sixteen personality factor questionnaire is a 187 item scale that assesses the 16 basic dimensions of personality. NEO personality inventory is designed to measure the big five traits. |
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