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| Certain amount of knowledge/personality you are born with. |
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| Born as blank slates, experience develops knowledge/personality |
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| Mind and body are seperate, mind is purely soul and body is purely physical |
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| The mind and body are intricately linked, or the same |
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| Analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind |
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| Functionalism (William James) |
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William James - 1st American psychologist, influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Functionalism - analysis of the purpose that mental processes serve |
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| Analysis of the whole rather than the sum of its parts |
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| Analysis of the unconscious mental processes that shape feelings, thoughts, and behaviors |
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| Study of objectively observable behavior |
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| Little Albert study, behaviorist |
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| Scientific study of the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior |
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| Description of the abstract properties in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured (ex: agression is this, this, and this) |
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| Device that can detect measurable effects to which the operational definition refers (questionnaire, observational studies) |
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| Psychologists cannot realistically conduct studies on populations, instead a portion is taken or a representative amount of the population is taken. A "sample" of the population is taken. |
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| Unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
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| Observing people when they know they are being observed |
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| The "co-relationship" between two variables |
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| Aspects of the setting that cause people to behave as they think the researcher wants or expects (potential bias) - researchers avoid this by anonymously taking data, natural observation, "blind" participants, not telling the participants the exact hypothesis |
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| Free consent, protection from harm, debriefing, informed consent (reasonable explanation), all psychology research should follow APA guidelines, rights and welfare need to be protected, both researchers and participants need to be aware of ethical requirements, studies must be approved by IRB |
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| Cell in the nervous system |
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| main body, coordinates information processing |
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| Parts of the Neuron: dendrites |
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| short, branchlike extensions that receive info and relay it to the cell body |
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| Parts of the Neuron: axon |
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| Long, narrow extension (one) that transmits info |
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| Parts of the Neuron: synapse |
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| Space between two neurons |
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| Parts of the Neuron: myelin sheaths |
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| Fatty layers covering the axon |
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| Natural electric charge of a neuron when it is at rest |
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| Electric signal that is conducted along an axon to a synapse |
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| Neurotransmitters: Dopamine |
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| Motor, motivation, pleasure, emotional arousal |
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| Neurotransmitters: Serotonin |
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| sleep/wakefulness, eating, aggressive behavior |
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| Neurotransmitters: norepinephrine |
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Definition
| mood, physiological arousals |
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| Neurotransmitters: endorphins |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| Recieves and processes information, sends commands to the skeletal and muscular systems (brain, spinal cord) |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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| Connects the CNS to the rest of the body |
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| Voluntary movements, conveys info to and fro the CNS |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| Fight or flight response (pupils dilate, heart rate increases, certain systems shut down) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord, controls very based functions of life (medulla and cerebellum) |
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| Heart rate, circulation, respiration (reticular formation inside medulla - sleep, phsyiological arousal) |
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| Motor skills, smooths out movements |
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| Seems to help send info from cerebellum to brain |
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| Small midsection of the brain that is involved in orientation and movement (tectum - receiving sensory info, negotiates surroundings; tegmentum - helps move towards what you need) |
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| Highest level of the brain that controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions |
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| Subcortical structures of the forebrain |
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Definition
Thalamus - relay station, no smell, knows what is relevant
Hypothalamus - body temperature, blood sugar, drives
Amygdala - emotions
Hippocampus - new memories |
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| Cerebral cortext and its parts |
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Definition
Occipital lobe - vision
Parietal lobe - touch
Temporal lobe - hearing and language
Frontal lobe - thinking, planning, reasoning, memory |
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| Large bundles of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brian and allows the two sides to communicate |
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| Stimulation of sensory neurons from some physical stimulus |
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| Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation |
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| Conversion of physical signals from the environments to neural signals sent to the CNS |
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| Perceiving only what is currently related to you |
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| Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation declines over time (when you first put jeans on you notice the feeling but throughout the day you forget about it) |
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Definition
Cornea - light waves come in
Pupil
Lens - constantly adjusting
Retina - back of the eye, visual processing, transduction
Cones and rods - cones: color, rods: b & w
Optic nerve - connect eyeball to the brain |
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| We percieve visual stimuli as groups that fit together (closure - closing in gaps, proximity - interpret based on how they're displayed together) |
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| Not aware of, something has to jog the retrieval process, can't consciously happen |
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| Personal memory about one's own life |
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Encoding - put information into memory
Storage - maintain it into memory
Retrieval - recover it from memory |
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Definition
Iconic - visual, last about 1 second
Echoic - auditory, lasts about 5 seconds |
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| Active maintenance of info into short-term memory |
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| Maximizing short-term memory |
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Rehearsal - mentally repeating information
Chunking - combining information
Encoding - the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into enduring memory |
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| An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus due to recent exposure to the stimulus |
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| Inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date |
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| Inability to make new memories (50 1st Dates!) |
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| Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve |
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| Shows that most of our forgetting happens right away |
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| Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source |
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| Memory of when, where, and how information was acquired |
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| Incorporating information from external sources into personal memories |
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| Reconstructing the past to make it fit the present |
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| Reconstructing the past to exaggerate differences |
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| Any kind of permanent change, caused by an experience, in the learner |
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| A change in your preference based on an experience, a neutral stimulus paired with a stimulus that produces a response naturally |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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| Something that produces a naturally occuring reaction |
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| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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| Naturally occuring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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| Neutral at first and produces no particular reaction |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| Reaction to the conditioned stimulus |
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| Pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus |
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| Conditioned response occurs even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original stimulus used during learning |
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| Distinguishing between similar but distinct stimuli |
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| Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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| Learned behavior will recover from extinction after a rest period |
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| Reinforcements and punishments to learn or unlearn a behavior |
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| Increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated |
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| Decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated |
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| Positive and Negative Reinforcements and Punishments |
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Definition
Positive - Stimulus is presented
Negative - Stimulus is removed |
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| Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods (assuming that the desired behavior is performed) |
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| Variable Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcements based on an average time has expired since the last reinforcements |
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| Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is presented after a specific number of responses have occured |
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| Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is presented based on an average number of responses (slot machine) |
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Definition
| Learning that occurs from the reinforcement of successive approximations to the final desired behavior |
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| Type of learning that occurs by watching the actions of others (and obseving the consequences of those actions) |
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| Process of observing and imitating specific behaviors |
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| A mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences |
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| An altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one's actions are occuring involuntarily |
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| Chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brian's chemical messaging system |
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| Increases the action of a neurotransmitter |
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| Blocks the functions of a neurotransmitter |
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| Larger doses become required to achieve the same effect (ex: drugs) |
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Definition
Substances that reduce the activity of the CNS, increase the activity of GABA (leading to disinhibition) and have calming, sedative effects
(Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and inhalants) |
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