Describe the three cultural beliefs about premarital sex described in class. What type of impact do these beliefs have on the number of individuals within the population that have premarital sex?

-Restrictive: strong prohibition against premarital sex
  >17% males and 10% females

-Permissive: encouraged sex and expect understanding of sexuality
  >84% males and 85% females

-Semirestrictive: prohibits sex before marriage, but does not enforce belief and often ignores participation in behavior as long as it is descrete; if become pregnant, then must marry

  >84% males and 61% females

What are the factors that predict and do not predict the likelihood an adolescent will participate in sexual behaviors?

does NOT predict:

   >parental monitoring

   >parent-adolescent communication

   >self-esteem

predicts behavior:

   >perception of parental disapproval

   >attachment with mothers

   >timing of puberty

   >social class

According to Dorothy Markiewicz et al (2006), what roles do parents, friends, and romantic partners play during adolescence?

-Parents: secure base

-Friends: safe haven

-Romantic Partner: proximity

Describe the three different research findings examining the influence of cohabition before marriage on a relationship:

-Negative: those who live together before marriage are more likely to divorce

-Positive: divorce rates do not differ among those who choose to live together

-Depends on the reason for living together: negative if examinig if the relationship will continue to work; positive is wanting to be more intimate

Why is cohabition still primarily unaccepted by society? Is there evidence to support the claim?

unaccepted due to views of premarital sex

>94% of individuals today have permarital sex

>compared to 93% thirty years ago

What are the reasons that the frequency and the desire for sex decreases across adulthood?

-Physiological changes

 >men: satisfaction is based on frequency

     -sexual function peaks in 20's; takes longer to become droused, slower to ejaculate, and have longer refractory periods

 >women: satisfaction based on desire

     -sexual peak in the 30's; maintain capacity to reach multiple organisms but takes longer to become excited

Why Decreases?

-Social Attitudes: sex at older ages is often seen as rediculous, ideads may be internalized

-May lack a partner: by 85 years of age, 85% of men are married, but only 12% of women are still married

-Landau et al. (2007):

Describe Phillip Shaver's (2006) model of attachment in adulthood:

based on interaction of three systems:

-attachment

-caregiver system

-sex

Describe Phillip Shaver's (2006) model of attachment in adulthood:

Assessed used the Adult Attachment Interview:

>secure: healthy balance of attachment and autonomy, secure as infants

>preoccupied: desperate for love and to feel love worth as an individual, worry about abadonment, high anxiety, anxious/ambivalent as infants

>dismissing: dismiss the importance of relationships, compulsively self-reliant, shut out emotions to avoid getting hurt, avoidant as infants

>fearful: need relationships but fear intimacy, doubt self worth, disorganized as infants

Having children has what type of influence on marital satisfaction?

Marital satisfaction decreases during the first year after children (steeper for women)

Describe the different types of grandparenting style:

-Remote: (29%)- see occasionally, but often emotionally and geographically distant

-Companionate: (55%)- see frequently and share activities, rarely act in the parental role

-Involved: (16%)- like companionate but fit into the parent-like role

Define social convoy. How does this change across the lifespan?

Social Convoy: social network and support system

-in infancy it is small, primarily consisting of parents

-expands through adolescence (will be the largest)

-adulthood social network becomes smaller

Why does the size of the social convoy decrease in adulthood?

-increase in disease, disability, and isolation

-socioemotional selectivity theory:

   >choose to remain close to only those that meet emotional needs

   >as less time is left, emphasis is on current relationships rather than making new relationships

Who typically serves as a confidant for men and women in adulthood?

men: spouse

women: friend, sibling, or child

What did Owen et al. (2006) discover while examining the brain activity in patients believed to be in a vegetive state?

brain activity patterns were smiliar in brain scans of normal adults and those in a vegetative state.

What are the four requirements for an individual to be declared legally dead according to Harvard Medical School (1968)?

1. Unresponsive stimuli

2. Fail to move for at least an hour or fail to breathe for three minutes

3. no reflexes

4. flat electroencephalograph

Describe the three theories explaining why we die discussed in class:

1. Heartbeat Theory: average of 1 billion heartbeats in a lifetime

2. Leonard Hayflick: suggested cells can only divide a specfic number of times

3. Damage Theories: accumulation of hazards or damage over the years that lead to death, due to free radicals (scramble our DNA) - age spots

What are the reasons we die across the lifespan?

Describe Kubler-Ross's Stages of Dying. What problems are associated with this theory?

-denial

-anger

-bargaining

-depression

-acceptance

According to the BBC video shown in class, what do all individuals describe experiencing during their near death experiences? The emotions described during these experiences are believed to be result of what type of substance being released in the brain?

they see the light (the light at the end of the tunnel)

emotions: euphoria

Describe Parks and Bowlby's stages of grief:

-Numbness: no emotions, little feelings

-Yearning: pain, saddness, etc.

-Disorganization & Despair: constant state of depression

-Reorganization: happens about 1 year after death, start moving

on

How does the Dual Process model of Grief differ from the model outlined by Parks & Bowlby?

dual process model: while grieving, cope with loss and adjust simultaneously

differ: Parks & Bowlby had stages that someone goes through when they have experienced a loss; the Dual Process Model is not a stage like process, leaves to coping simulataneously.

(describe how the following factors affect an individual's ability to cope)

How the person died:

-if unexpected the stages are often extended taking a longer time to cope

-if death was due to long-term illness then there is less of an adjustment

   >can even be a relief

(describe how the following factors affect an individual's ability to cope)

the relationship to the deceased:

-less adjustment if death was of a parent or grandparent

-loss of a child is more devastating

   >1 year after death only 12% of parents will enter reorganization stage

  >5 years late only 57% have entered this stage

(describe how the following factors affect an individual's ability to cope)

level of attachment to the deceased:

-better able to cope if attachment was secure

-preoccupied: chronic grief and anxiety

-avoidant: difficult time expressing emotions & seeking comfort

-dismissing: unable to cope

(for all attachments except secure attachment)

these individuals are more likely to:

-have low self-esteem

-lack self-control

-develop anxiety or depressive disorder

How do infants and children differ from adolescents and adults in their understanding of death and in their abilities to grieve?

infants

-infants cannot understand death, but do understand that an individual is gone: react to separation

-as an individual ages they develop an understanding of death

  >death is final

  >irreversible

  >universal (everyone will eventually die)

  >biologically caused

How do infants and children differ from adolescents and adults in their understanding of death and in their abilities to grieve?

Childhood

-3 to 5 years

  >understanding of universality

  >but fail to understand that death is final, irreversable, or biologically caused

-due to what we are told about death (they're just sleeping) rather than a lack of cognitive understanding

-7 years

  >learn death is universal, final, and irreversable

-not until around 10 years of age that they learn death is biologically cause

-still lack ability to cope with death

    >act out; scared someone else will die

How do infants and children differ from adolescents and adults in their understanding of death and in their abilities to grieve?

adolescents and adults

-views of death during adolescence equal adult understanding

-reluctant to express grief

   >harder to cope with death