(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

if the study is an experiment

• random assignment
• manipulation of Independent Variable- different levels of that variable

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

if the study is a quasi-experiment

• experiment without random assignment
• used when sex, age, ethnicity, etc

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

if the study is a correlation

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

what are the independent variables

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

what are the dependent variables

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

the sampling method used

• stratified sampling: group proportions in the population are equally represented in the sample
• convinence sampling:                                                                        

-Codominance: when a genotype of Xx produces a phenotype composed of both dominant and recessive characteristics

-Sex Linked: determined by a gene that appears on one of the two sex chromosomes

-Polygenic: characteristics inherited as multiple genes interact with environment factors

1. cephalocaudal principle: growth occurs head-to-tail
2. proximodistal principle: growth occurs from center of the body out
3. orthogenetic priciple: growth begins globally and undifferentiated to specialize

• rooting: touch babies cheek and it turns to suck
• sucking: put food or finger around the mouth
• babinski: stroke the bottom of foot and toes fan in and out
• grasping: grasp finger
• moro: dropping reflex, flail for help
• stepping: prepare to walk, make stepping motions

-starts around age 10 on average

depends on:

-ethnicity

-weight (bigger-> earlier the period comes)

-family environment (non-biological male-> earlier the period)

-culture (better care-> earlier period)

-history

-contour (bold colors)

-dynamic

-moderately complex

-human faces (in their environment)

• many decreases occur gradually
• processing information that is new and complex becomes more difficult
• when information is familiar it is fairly easy to process
  -elderly adults are just as easily able to find items in a grocery store as young adults

(describe assimilation and accommodation)

assimilation

• process by which we interpret experiences
• schema
  -cognitively organize information

(describe assimilation and accommodation)

accommodation

• personal fable: tendency to think one's own thoughts and feelings are unique
• imaginary audience: phenomenon involving confusing one's own thoughts with those of a hypothesized audience

-distinctive

-emotionally intense

-timing

increased knowledge:

-as we learn more it becomes easier to remember information

-adults typically outperform children on memory tests

compared memory of:

-young adults (29 yrs)

-elderly adults (67 yrs)

-very old adults (83 yrs)

-Alziehmer's Disease (67 yrs)

RESULTS:

Level 2: Broad Abilities

-crystallized intelligence

-fluid intelligence

-information processing speed

-short term memory

-long term memory storage & retrieval

-auditory processing

-video/spatial reasoning

-crystallized intelligence: knowledge aquired

-fluid intelligence: ability to solve new problems

>crystallized intelligence- remains constant

>fluid intelligence- performance peeks at 20-24 then begins to decline (declines are not universal= poor health & unstimulating lifestyle are both more likely to see a decline)

-stereotype threats: an individual's fear that he or show will be judged to have the qualities associated with the stereotypes associated with the minority group he or she belongs to

-two research studies: Steele (1997) & Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady (1999)

*Stereotype threats could be positive or negative

(two research studies that examined stereotyoe threat discussed in class: Steele & Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady)

Steele (1997)

-tested white and black female students at Stanford University

-told them they were going to take a test assessing their verbal ability

   >half were told their performance would be evaluated

   >black females did much worse when told they were being evaluated

(two research studies that examined stereotyoe threat discussed in class: Steele & Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady)

Shih, Pittinksy, and Ambady (1999)

-tested math skills of Asian women

   >general statement

   >primed for sex (based on being a woman)

   >primed for ethnicity (based on being asian)= did better

infants first words are called: holophrases

-English speaking infants- primarily use nouns in speech

-Spanish and French speaking infants- primarily use verbs in speech

-oral stage: (birth- 1 year) =sucking

-anal stage: (1 yr- 3 yrs)= pleasure from bowel movements

   >toilet training creates conflict between biological urges and

     society's demands

-phallic stage: (3 yrs- 6yrs)= genitals

   >come to identity with same-sex parent

-lantent period: (6 yrs- 12yrs)= libido is quiet, energy is invested  in school work and same-sex friends

-gential stage: (12 and older)= puberty reawakens sexual interest, begin to establish more mature relationships

-known by O.C.E.A.N

>Openness to Experience: curiousity and interest vs preference for things that are constant

>Concientiousness: discipline and organization vs lack of seriousness

>Extroversion: socialibility and outgoingness vs shyness

>Agreeableness: compliance and cooperativeness vs suspiciousness

>Neuroticism: emotional instability vs stability

-begin comparing self to ideal self

-self-evaluations are typically inaccurate

-body changes

-big-fish-little-pond effect

-beginning exploration of self

   >identity vs. role confusion

-begins 12-15 years of age: diffusion and foreclosure status

-through development, move to moratorium status

-identity achievement: increases self-esteem

-process takes a long time

-debate when identity is officially achieved: occurs at different rates based on career goals, religion, political beliefs, ethnicity and other factors

-can reevaluate identity late in the lifespan

-standards change

-adjust ideal self to reflect reality

-compare self to older adults

1. Secure Attachment: (60%)- active exploration with stranger, becomes upset when mother leaves, calms down and greets mother warmly upon return
2. Anxious/Ambivalent: (10%)- little exploration and contact with stranger, upset when mother leaves, but ambivalent about return
3. Avoidant: (15%)- uniterested in exploring, little distress when mother leaves, avoids mother upon return
4. Disorganized: (15%)- when reunited with mother they often appear frightened and confused

-placed a monkey in a cage with two caregivers (wire and cloth)

-the monkey preferred the cloth caregiver (than the wire caregiver)

  >warmth and comfort

Passion

Intimacy

Commitment