Brain

Spinal Cord

Nerves carrying sensory and motor information to and from the body

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

-Sympathetic Nervous System

-Parasumpathetic Nervous System

Frontal Lobe: Planning of movements, recent memory, some aspects of emotions; (Phineas Gage)

Parietal lobe:  body sensations

Occipital lobe: vission

Temporal lobe: hearing and advanced visual processing

Braistem: contains midbrain, pons and medulla

Medulla: manages heart rate and blood pressure; damage results in death

Pons: Manages sleep, arousal, and facial expression

Cerebellum: Balance and motor coordination

Midbrain: sensory reflexes, movement and pain

Reticular Formation: Controls moond, arousal and sleep

Coprus Callosum: wide band of axons connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres

Thalamus: processing of sensory information; states of arousal, learning, and memory

Basal ganglia: control of movement

Hypothalamus: regulation of thrist, temperature, hunger, sexual behavior, and aggression

Hippocampus: memory

Amygdala: emotional processing

Laterization: localization of a function in either the right or the left cerebral hemisphere

Movement and sensation on the right side of the body are processed by the left hemisphere

Movement and sensation on the left side of the body are processed by the right hemisphere

Split-brain operations

Somatic Nervous System: Brings sensory information to the central nervous systema dn transmits commands to muscles

Autonomic Nervous System: Directs the activity of the glands, organis and smooths muslces

-Sympathetic Nervous System: Coordinates arousal

-Parasympathic Nervous System: Rest, repair and energy storage

Cell of nervous system that is responsible for sending and receving neural messages

-Interneuron: transmits impulses between other neurons

Parts of the neuron:

-Cell body (soma): large, central mass of a neuron, contains nucleus

-Axons: passes massages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

Dendrites: receives messages from other cells

Myelin Sheath: covers the axons and some neurons  and helps speed neural impulses

Support and nourish neurons

Contribute to learning and memory

Create blood-brain barrier

Create myelin

Synapse: point of communication between two neurons

The neurone will receive inpute, evaluate it, and then decide whether to transmit that information to neurons downstream.

Beforea neuron receives a signal, it is in a resting state

Neurons receive signals in two forms

-Chemical changes: This is done via neurotransmitters or chemical elements in the environment

-Physical changes

These signals cause ionic fluctuations in the neuron's plasma membrane which creates an electrical current flow in the neuron

This current flow travels down the axon (perhaps long-distance through action potential)

When the current reaches the terminal, neurotransmitters are released to other neurons or the environment

The stimulation of a sense organ that creates an impiulse

-Sensory input occurs when a sense organ is stimulated

Afferent: carried TO CNS

Efferent: Carried AWAY FROM CNS

The electrical signaling arising in a neuron's axon; traveling down the axon to terminal; when cell reaches threshold

- Occurs as a result of Depolarization, which occurs when the neuron is stimulated

-Membrane becomes negative externally

Refractory Period

Measure of the electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing information; no incoming signals

-Occurs when membrane is Polarized

-Responsible for the release of hormones into bloodstream

-Metabolism

-Arousal

-Growth

-Sex

Glands and Hormones:

Pineal gland: release of melatonin (sleep-awake cycles)

Pituitary Gland: body's master gland regulated by hypothalamus; oxytocin and vasopressin; growth hormone; sex hormones

Thyroid gland: metabolism and life sustaining processes

-Released when action potential arrives at terminal

Endorphines: Pain relief\

Epinephrine: arousal(adrenalin)

Acetycholine: movement, planning, reward

SerotoninL mood, appetite, sleep

Norepinephrine: arousal and vigilance

GABA: inhibition of brain activity

GlutamateL excitation of brain activity