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| force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do |
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emphasized the role of instinct (unlearned universal biological pattern of behavior) in motivation
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need: deprivation that energizes drive to eliminate deprivation
homeostasis: body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium |
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| seeking arousal as motivation |
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| Performs best under conditions of miderate arrousal rather than low/ high |
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stomach contractions send signals of hunger
also to stop hunger |
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| brain dependent on sugar for energy/ important factor in hunger |
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| causes hunger because it drastically decreases blood sugar |
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| protien released by fat cells, decreases food intake & increases energy (mice experiment) |
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| regulates important bodily fxn including hunger |
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stimulates eating
healthy: tells us to eat
destroyed: no desire to eat, perhaps will starve |
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| ventromedial hypothalamus |
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reduces hunger/ restrict eating
healthy: tells us to stop eating
destroyed: eat profusely (obese) |
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| direction of person's erotic interest |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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| physiological, safety, love & belongingness, esteem, self actualization |
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| self determination theory |
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| competence, relatedness, autonomy |
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| achieved when we feek were able to bring about desired outcomes (expectance to succeed) |
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need ti engage in warm relations with others
need to belong |
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udea that we're in control of our own lives
independent |
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| facial expressions= smae in all cultures/ universal/innate, not learned |
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| pattern of thoughts, emotions, behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world |
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| psychodynamic perspectives |
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views that personality is unconscious
emphasize early |
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| Sigmund Freuds Psychodynamic Theory |
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id: unconscious things make you feel good (pleasure)
edo: deals w demands of reality
superego: harshly judges morality of our behaviors |
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conflict b/w id, ego, superego results in anxiety
reduce anxiety by distortying reality |
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| repression, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, projection, reaction formation, denial, regression (410) |
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| psychosexual stages of personality development |
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*Oral stage: 0-18mnths infant pleasure- mouth
*Anal stage: 18-36mnths eliminative fun
*Phallic Stage: 3-6yrs pleasure focus on genitals, Oedipal complex, castration anxiety
*Latency Stage: 6yrs-pbrty: psychic time out, interest in sexuality repressed
Genital Stage: Adolesence & Adulthood
sexual reawakenening/ source of sexual pleasure foun in someone else |
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| revising Freud's psychonalytic theory |
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Horney's socioculture approach (both sexes envy attributes of other. Need for security>motivation than sex)
Jung's Analytical Theory (unconscious & archtypes)
Alder's individual Psychology (perfection > motivation than pleasure) |
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| emphasize person's capacity for personal growth, free will, and positive qualities |
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humanistic
self concept: overall perceptions of abilities/ behaviors
incongruence: discrepency between real self and ideal self
unconditional positive regard: being accepting & positive regardless of one's behaviors |
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| 5 factor model of personality |
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Definition
Openess (imaginative/variety)
Conscientiousness (organized/ carfeul/disciplined)
Extraversion (sociable/affectionate)
Agreeableness (soft-hearted/helpful)
Neuroticism (negativity)
(ocean) |
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| Social Cognitive Perception |
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Definition
emphasizes conscious awareness/ belifs/ expectations/ goals
explore ability to reason and think about past, present and future
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| (Albert) Bandura Social Cognitive Theory |
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Observational Learning:Badura believes it's a key aspect in how we learn. Form ideas about behaviors of others
Personal Control: regulate and control our own behaviors despite our changing environment
Self Efficacy: one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes; problem solving, becoming more sociable |
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1. notice event
2. interpret as emergency
3. feel responsible
4.
5. Asess costs of helping |
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behavior intended to injure someone who's motivated to avoid it
men: more physical direct form of motivation
women: indirect forms of agression |
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more T.Vs than toilets
60-70% of all TV programs contain violence
>100,000 other acts of violence/
>8,000 murders by time child is in elementary
since 1970 link between media & agression weakened inhabitions against violence |
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| conformity, obedience, group influence |
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| a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard. |
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| Asch's conformity experiment |
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| in a room everyone agrees on something exept you, automatically conform and think confederates (ppl given role in experiment) are right and you're wrong. |
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| factors that contribute to conformity |
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informational social influence: the influence other people have on us because we want to be right
normative socail influence: the influence that others have on us because we want them to like/ approve of us |
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| behavior that complies with demands of the individual authority. a very strong form of conformity |
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