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| An individual's characteristic stule of behaving, feeling, and thinking |
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| In ways that consecutively differ in time or place |
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| A series of answers to a questionarre that ask people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accuratly describe their own behavior or mental state |
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| The traits of the five-factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion |
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| developed by Freud, emphasizes unconscious motivation such as sex and agression |
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| everything that can, with a littl effort, be brought into consciousness |
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Psychoanalytical approach:
ID |
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| instincual dries present at birth, source of needs, wants, and desires. Sex/aggression |
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Psychoanalytical Approach:
EGO |
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Definition
| develops out ofthe Id in infancy, developed through contact with the outside world, understands reality and logic |
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Psychoanalytical Approach:
Superego |
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| Internalization of societies moral standards, learning authority |
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| Uncosciouss coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses...reduces anxiety |
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| a defense mechanism in which anxietyis kept clogged up. |
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| A defense mechanism in which you supply a resonale explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviors |
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| a defense mechanism involving unconsiously replacing threatining inner wishes ad fantasies with an exxagerated version of heir opposite(homophobia) |
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| a defense mechanism thatattributes ones own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group. (you project the wife is unsatisfied, but truly you are!) |
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| a defense mechanism where a drive directed to one actvity by the id is redirected to a more acceptabl activity by the ego (want to nurse bu instead sucka lolipop) |
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| a defense mechanism in which there is a displacement to activities that are valued by society (aggresive or competitive, lawyr or police) |
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| most distortion of reality, least effective (projection) |
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| repressioand eaction formation (neurotic defenses) |
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| least distortion of reality, most effective (supression, humor) |
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| Freud has five i the early stages of life hrouh which persoanlities are formed through sexal pleasures as a child |
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| an attempt to achieve peasure as an adult in ways similar to those during psycholsexual stages |
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| sexual pleasre associated with the mouth...fixated adult, pleasure from takig in (smoking, biting, etc) (due to weaning) |
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| Seual pleasure is associated with the anus, can lead to anal retetive behavior in fixated adults (due to toilet training) |
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| Sexua pleasure associated with genitals, (penis eveny) fixation is masculiity in males and domination in females |
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| A developmental experience in which a childs conflictng feelings towards the opposite-sex parent is usually resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent |
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| Latency stage (5-puberty) |
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Definition
| sexuality is repressed, notmuch happens sexually, more school activitites. |
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| Genital stage (Puberty and on) |
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| sexual reelings reemerge and are oriented towards others |
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| a relatively stable predispoitian to behave in a certan way |
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| What are trait theories for? |
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Definition
| to specify a set of distinct personality dimmensions for the use of summrizing psycolgical differneces |
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| fundamental dimensions of personality |
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| linked directly to a set of certain behaviors |
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| Cattells' 16 trait theory |
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| 16 (2 paired) opposite traits...to broad |
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| 2 main central traits instead of 16..4 pies...pies are surface traits (less broad) |
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| Biological foundations of traits |
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| Level of arousal and motivationa systems, moderate heritability of traits and genetic influence on neurotransmitters. |
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| Social-Cognitive Personality perspective |
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Definition
| focuseson beliefs and habits that increase or decrease a persons ability to tke control of their lives and goals |
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| belief that rewards are or are not controlable by one's efforts, may be interal or external |
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| belief about one's abiliyt perform a certain task, can be high or low |
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| Focuses on the human tendency to create belief systems and to govern our lives in accordance with these beliefs |
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| one’s conscious understanding of his/her world |
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| the realization of one’s dreams and capabilities |
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| individual characteristic of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
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| constellation of symptoms an individual exhibits |
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| individual diagnosicians reach the same conclusions using the same system |
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| the extent to which the systems categories are clinically meaningful |
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| Biological perspctive on mental disorders |
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Definition
| mental disorders are psychological diseases, brain abnormalities, chemical imbalances, birth difficlties, ad heritiablility. |
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| Psychodynamic perspective on mental disorders |
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Definition
| Freud, unconscious conflicts and drives, early cildhood trauma, therapy can help. |
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| Cognitive perspective on mental disorders |
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Definition
| conscious thoughts, learned maladaptive thought patterns cause mental disorders |
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| Behavioral perspective on mental disorders |
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Definition
| Learned maladaptive patterns of behavior cause mental disorder |
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| Sociocultural perspetive on mental disorders |
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| Larger culture is importnat to development of mental disorders, supporting evidence from culture-bound syndromes (koro in southeast asia) |
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| inherited characterisitcs, learned benifits |
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| immediate events that brings on the disorder (stress), when predisposition is high, precipitating event may be small |
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| Differences in reporting in males vs. females |
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| men report less psychological distress than women |
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| Bias in diagnosis (women vs. men) |
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| doctors usually diagnos men with "male" disorders and women with "female" disorderse |
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| antisocial = male disorder, histrionic = "female" disorder |
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Definition
| a dissociation in memory, when a person becomes unaware of some asprcts oftheir memory, unable to recall |
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Definition
| memory loss is the only symptom, often selectiv loss surrounding traumatic events |
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| loss of identity without replacement with a new one |
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| global amnesia with identity replacement, when a person develops a new personality and no reccolection of former life, when fugue wears off, old identity is rediscovered |
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| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| "multiple personality disorder", 2 distinct personalities in one person, pattern typically starts prior to 10 yrs old, most are women |
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| Causes of dissociative disorders |
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Definition
| sexual or physical abuse, biological predisposition |
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Definition
| college students pretend to be accused murderers, under hypnosis, claimed another personality committed the crime. |
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| split mind, equally rates between men and women, a loss of touch with reality |
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| Symptoms of schitzophrenia |
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Definition
POSITIVE: hallucinations, delusions
NEGATIVE: absence of normal cognition or affect, flat affect, loss of speech
DISORGANIZED: speech, behaviors |
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Definition
| persecutions (they are out to get me, paranoia), grandeur (megalomania, GOD COMPLEX), being controlled (the CIA is controlling my brain with radio signals) |
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| jumping from idea to idea w/o the benifit of logical association |
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| on the surface, seems logical, but seriously flawed |
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| no emotion at all in face or speech |
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| lauging at very serious things, crying at funny things |
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| Subtypes of Schitzophrenia |
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Definition
| Paranoid type, Catatonic type (unresponsive to surroundings), Disorganized type |
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| Schitzophrenia and Genetics |
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Definition
| risk of schitzophrenia increases with genetic similarity (identical twin) |
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Definition
| drugs that reduce dopamine reduce schitz symptoms, but other neurotransmitters involved as well |
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| Family influences on schitz |
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Definition
| parental communication that is disorganized, hard-to-follow, or highly emotional, expressed emotions |
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| Cultural differences in schitz |
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Definition
| less industrailized countries have better rates of recovery thsn indusrialized countries, less use of medicine may impair full recovery |
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| Intoxicating drug effects |
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Definition
| short-term effects for which drug is usually taken, can last for minutes or hours after a single dose |
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Definition
| after drug is removed from system, usually after long period of frequent use, personally adapts physically to drug-brain acts mroe normal |
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| irreversible form of brain daage resulting from frequent drug use, also incldes damagein developing fetus if mother does drugs during pregnancy |
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Definition
| react more strongly to emotion-arousal cuesimmediate environment due to imparment of log-term tinking |
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Definition
| starts 8-20 hours after alcohol is removed formm body, delerium tremors (hallucinations, panics, muscles tremors, sweating, high heart rate, brain seizures) |
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Definition
| a claim about the cause of someone’s behavior, seeking a reason for the occurrence of events/behaviors |
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Definition
| early psychological research on social influences, we intuitively attribute others’ actions to personality characteristics |
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| Person vs. Situaton Atrributions |
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Definition
| Have to decide whether behavior is due to something about personality, or whether anyone would do same thing in that situation |
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| Person vs. Situaton Atrributions |
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Definition
| Have to decide whether behavior is due to something about personality, or whether anyone would do same thing in that situation |
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Term
| Kelley's 3 Q's to making an attribution |
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Definition
does this person regularly behave this way in this situation?
do others regularly behave this way in this situation?
does this person behave this way in many other situations? |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| People give too much weight to personality and not enough to situational variables |
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| Conditions promoting personal bias |
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Definition
| When your goal is personality assessment, when you are cognitively loaded |
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| Conditons promoting a situation bias |
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Definition
| When your goal is to judge the situation |
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| Two-stage model of attributions |
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Definition
First stage is rapid & automatic
(bias according to goal) (person/situation)
Second stage is slower & controlled
won’t occur if you are cognitively loaded, we correct our automatic attribution |
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| Western cuture (cross cultural differences) |
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Definition
| We tend to feel like we are in charge of our own destinies, Therefore we make more attributions to personality |
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| Some Eastrn cultures (cross-cultural differences) |
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Definition
| Tendency for fate to be in charge of destiny, Therefore, more attributions made to situation |
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| Actor-Obsrver Discrepency |
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Definition
| Attribute personality as cause of behavior when evaluating someone else’s behavior, Attribute situation as cause when evaluating our own behavior |
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| Prior Information Effects |
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Definition
| Mental representations of people (schemas) can effect our interpretation of them |
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Definition
| physically attractive people are rated higher on intelligence, competence, sociability, morality |
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| people with rounder heads, large eyes, small jawbones, etc. rated as more naïve, honest, helpless, kind, and warm than mature-faced |
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schemas about a group of people,
a belief held by members of one group about members of another group |
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| what we say to others about a group |
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| what we consciously think about a group, but don’t say to others |
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| unconscious mental associations guiding our judgments and actions without our conscious awareness |
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| Self-fufilling prohphecies |
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Definition
| When our beliefs and expectations create reality, Beliefs & expectations influence our behavior & others’ |
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Definition
| person A believes that person B has a particular characteristic, person B may begin to behave in accordance with that characteristic |
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Studies of self-fufilling prophecies:
Rosenthal & Jacobson |
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Definition
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| Studies of self-fufilling prophecies: Rosenthal & Fode |
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Definition
| One group was told he had "bright" rats and on "dull" rats |
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Definition
| predisposition to behave in a certain way toward some people, group, or objects, can be negative or positive |
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| Cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| Festinger, we we need our attitudes to be consistent with our behavior, it is uncomfortable for us when they aren’t, we seek ways to decrease discomfort caused by inconsistency |
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| Avoiding dissonant information |
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Definition
| we attend to information that supports our existing views, rather than information that doesn’t support our views |
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| Attitudes consistent with actions |
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Definition
| once we’ve made a choice to do something, lingering doubts about our actions would cause dissonance, so we are motivated to set aside our doubts and believe in our choice whole heartedly |
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| Changing an attitude to justify an action |
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Definition
| when we do something counter to our stated beliefs, we modify our attitude - this helps us cope with the deed. |
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| Insufficient-justification effect |
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Definition
| change in attitude that occurs because person cannot justify an already completed action without modifying attitude |
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Term
Insufficient-justification effect:
Festinger & Carlsmith |
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Definition
| gave subjects a boring task, then asked subjects to lie to the next subject and say the experiment was exciting, paid half of the subjects $1, other half $20, then asked subjects to rate boringness of task, $1 group rated the task as far more fun than the $20 group |
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Definition
| a tendency to believe that life is fair |
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