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| physiological specialty focused on physical and chemical changes that cause, and occur in response to, behavior and mental processes. |
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| complex combination of cells whose primary function is to allow an organism to gain information about what is going on inside and outside the body and to respond appropriately |
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| fundamental unit of the nervous system; nerve cell. |
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| cells in the nervous system that hold neurons together,'glue,' and help them communicate with one another. |
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| fiber that carries signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons |
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| neuron fiber that receives signals from the axons of other neurons and carries those signals to the cell body |
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| tiny gap between neurons across which they communicate |
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| an abrupt wave of electrochemical changes traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized. |
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| fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of action potentials. |
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| short rest period between action potentials |
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| chemicals that assist in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another. stored in vesicles at the tips of axons and are released after action potential and spreads to reach postsynaptic cell |
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| sites on the surface of a cell that allow only one type of neurotransmitter to fit into them, triggering a chemical response that may lead to an action potential. are proteins. |
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| severe brain disorder that destroys myelin, may occur because some viruses and bacteria are very similar to components of myelin. when MS victim's immune system attacks those pathogens, it destroys vital myelin as well, resulting in disruption of vision, speech, balance, and other important functions. |
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| parts of the nervous system that provide information about the environment |
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| parts of the nervous system that influence muscles and other organs to respond to the environment in some way |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| parts of the nervous system not housed in bone |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| parts of the nervous system encased in bone, including the brain and spinal cord |
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| subsystem of the PNS that transmits information from the senses to the CNS and carries signals from the CNS to the muscles |
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| subsystem of PNS that carries messages between the CNS and the heart, lungs, and other orgns and glands. |
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| subpart of autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body for action in face of stress |
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| the actions taken in response from intense activity of the sympathetic system |
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| subpart of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the body's energy-conserving functions. |
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| sensory neurons in the spinal cord. afferent means coming toward. |
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| motor neurons in the spinal cord. efferent means going away. |
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| an area in the hindbrain that controls bood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and other vital functions |
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| part of the hindbrain whose main functions include controlling finely coordinated movements and storing memories about movement, but which may also be involved in impulse control, emotion, and language. |
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| reticular means net-like. a network of cells and fibers threaded throughout the hindbrain and midbrain that alters the activity of the rest of the brain. |
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-Serves as relay station
-helps interpret incoming sensory info (not smell) |
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a structure that regulates hunger, thirst, and sex drive.
-Lets you know when youre "full"
-helps control body temperature |
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structure in the forebrain that, among other things, associaes features of stimuli from two sensory modalities
-"pleasure center" |
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-in the forebrain
-associated with the formation of new memories |
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| set of brain structures that play important roless in regulating emotion and memory |
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| the outer surface of the brain |
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| the left and right halves of the rounded,outermost part of the brain. |
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-part of the cerebral cortex
-receive stimulus information from the senses |
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-part of the cerebral cortex
-neurons control voluntary movements in specific parts of the body
-determines which muscles must be contracted to produce desired movements |
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-part of the cerebral cortex
-receives info from more than one sense
-can combine sensory and motor information to preform complex cognitive tasks
EX: associating words with images |
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French surgeon Paul Broca described difficulties that
-results from damage to association cortex in the frontal lobe near motor areas that control facial muscles (Broca's area)
- Caused by damaged Broca's area
-mental organization of speech suffers. |
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-located in the temporal lobe
-near area of cortex that receives info from eyes and ears.
-involved in the interpretation of both speech and written words
-If damages person can speak but not understandably |
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-First studies done by Sperry and Gazzaniga on patients with epilepsy
-surgery split the corpus callosum
-procedure affected the way patients thought and dealt with the world |
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-massive bundle of more than a million fibers
-connects the two hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other |
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| referring to the tendency for one cerebral hemisphere to excel a particular function or skill compared with the other hemisphere |
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| the ability to create new synapses and to change the strength of synapses |
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| the ability to create new synapses aand to change the strength of synapses |
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| a group of neurons that communicates by using the same neurotransmitter |
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-neurotransmitter in the peripheral and CNS in the
-controls muscle contraction, heart rate and digestion |
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| neurotransmitter involved in arousal, learning and mood regulation (sympathetic) |
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-neurotransmitter similar to norpinephrine
-regulation of sleep, mood, and eating
-one of the ingredients comes from food. |
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-neurotransmitter
-regulates movement and experiencing pleasure
-decrease= Parkinson's disease
-increase= schizophrenia |
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| gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA) |
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neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of neurons
EX: Huntington's disease= lack of GABA, Dopamine runs wild!! |
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| one of a class of neurotransmitters that bind to opiate receptors and moderate pain |
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| cells that form organ called glands and that communicate with one another by secreting chemicals called hormones |
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| chemicals secreted by a gland into the bloodstream, which carries them throughout the body |
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| regulates growth; controls the thyroid, ovaries or testes, pancreas, and adrenal cortex; regulates water and salt metabolism |
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| the body's system of defense against invading substances and microorganisms |
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| physical problems caused when cells of the body's immune system attack normal body cells as if they were foreign invaders |
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