2/9/09

1. Who argued that all animal behavior and most human behavior could be explained with stimulus response psychology?

Jacques Loeb

2/9/09

2. One specific difference between methodological behaviorists and radical behaviorist is what?

Methodological Behaviorists:

Study only events that they can measure and observe. They use observations to make inferences about internal events.  

Radical Behaviorist:

Believe internal states are caused by events in the environment, or by genetics. They believe that the ultimate cause of things are observable events.

Vague discussions of mental states can be described as a behavior.

Here are the assumptions:

1. Behaviors are deterministic: cause and effect
2. Believe mental explanations are ineffective:
   • Remove circular logic.
   • Want to say what really observed, not what you think you observed.
3. Believe that environment plays a powerful role in molding behavior: strongest influence.
   • Environment selects and perpetuates successful behaviors, much as evolution selects successful animals.
   • Recognize importance of hereditability but it isn't emphazised.   

2/9/09

 4. According to behaviorists, what is an intervening variable?

Something that cannot be directly observed yet links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses.

2/9/09  

5. Given a set of information, identify the UCS, UCR, CS & CR.

UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus = an event that consistently and automatically elicits an unconditioned response.

UCR: An action that the UCS elicits.

CS: Was a neutral stimulus (has no UCR attached to it) that is paired with the UCS and elicits the same response. Depends on consistency of pairing with the UCR.

CR: Conditioned Response = after sufficient pairings with the UCR, the CS elicits the CR.  

2/9/09  

6. Pavlov originally described the salivation response of dogs as what?

“Psychological” because it was based on the dog’s previous experiences.

2/9/09  

 7. Define Acquisition and Extinction.

Acquisition: A process which establishes or strengthens a CR.

Extinction: Ends a classically CR, the CS is repeatedly presented with out the UCS.

2/11/09

1. B.F. Skinner stands for what?

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

2/11/09

2. What is the Premack Principle?

States that opportunity to engage in a preferred behavior will be a reinforcer for any less preferred behavior.

2/11/09

3. In operant conditioning, what is the difference between chaining and shaping?

Chaining: An operant conditioning method where behaviors are reinforced by opportunities to engage in the next behavior.

Shaping: Establishes new responses by reinforcing successive approximations to it.

2/11/09

4. According to Thorndike, what is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning:

Process of changing behavior by following a response with a reinforcement.

•  
  • Subjects behavior is influenced and determined  by reinforcement.

2/11/09

5. Identify and define positive/negative reinforcements and punishments.

Positive: Giving something

Negative: Taking something away

Reinforcements: An event that increases the probility that a response will be repeated.

Punishments: An event that decreases the probability of a response.

2/11/09

6. A major difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning is what?

In classical conditioning, behavior has no effect on the outcome, while operant conditioning depends on peoples behaviors.   

2/13/09

 1. Which of the following is more effective in changing behavior or creating behavior change?

Vicarious reinforcement

Social learning

2/13/09

 2. Which of the following was not a reinforcement schedule we talked about in class?

2/13/09

3. A conditioned reinforce is what? While an unconditioned reinforce is what?

• Conditioned Reinforcer:
  • Effective because they have become associated with unconditioned reinforcers.
• Unconditioned reinforcer:
  • Meet primary, biological beeds and are found to be reinforcing for almost everyone.

2/13/09

 4. Albert Bandura did what?

• Helped with the study of Social learning.
• Said we learn behaviors from others.
• Said that the chief components of social learning are modeling and immitation.

2/13/09

5. According to Dr. Livingstone, which schedule of reinforcement is most effective?

• Variable ratio is the most effective.

2/17/09

1. Which of the following isn’t a component of working memory?

Components of working memory:

• Phonological loop: stores and rehearses info.
• Visuospatial sketchpad: stpres and manipulates visual and spatial info.
• Central Executive: governs shifts of attention- allows for multitasking.

2/17/09

2. An example of episodic long-term declarative memory would be what?

Anything that contains events and details of life history.

2/17/09

3. In memory, what moves information from the sensory store to short-term memory?

2/17/09

4. Which of the following information would be easiest to remember?

Something unusual or meaningful.

2/17/09

5. The information processing view of memory has been compared to what?

A computer

2/17/09

6. With regard to memory; primacy is ______ while recency is _____.

Primacy = Remembering things at the beginning of a list. (1st)

Recency = Remebering things at the ends of lists. (Last)

Memory types:

Sensory Store

Short-Term

Long-Term

Sensory Store:

• Capacity: Whatever you see or hear at that moment.
• Duration: Fraction of a second.
• Exp.: You see something for an instant and then recall a detail about it.

Short-Term Memory:

• Capacity: 7(+ or -) 2 items for healthy adults.
• A period of seconds if not rehearsed.
• Exp.: You look a phone number and remember it just long enough to dail it.

Long-Term Memory

• Capacity: Vast, uncountable.
• Duration: Perhaps a lifetime.
• Example: You remember the house you lived in when you were 7 years old.

2/18/09

 1. Which of the following is retroactive interference?

Anything that interfers with remembering old material.

2/18/09

2. The ease with which we can retrieve memory depends on the number and types of associations that we form with that memory. This is _____.

2/18/09

3. What is hindsight bias?

The fact that we tend to mold our recollections of the past to fit the outcome.

2/18/09

 4. According to the specificity principle of memory retrieval, what ____.

states that the associations formed at the time of learning are typically the most effective retrieval cues.

This includes state-dependent memories.

2/18/09

5. An important consideration a child as an eye witness would be____. (Many).

Best strategies:

• Simple Questions
• Non-threating
• Question quickly after event
• Avoid suggestions

Memories may not be reliable.

Repetition--> change their answer

Dolls/props don't really lead to recall.

Children rapidly forget and confuse reality and fantasy.

If they don't understand a question, are still likely to give some sort of answer.

2/18/09

6. One possible reason for forgetting information maybe what?

• Interference
• Decay--the memory is lost over time.
• Loss of retrival cues.
• Source Amnesia

2/20/09

1. What is the first symptom of Alzheimer’s?

• Arousal, attentrion are impared.
• Stage One: confusion

2/20/09

2. What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

• Deficiency of vitamin B1 related to chronic alcoholism.
• Damage = shrinking, loss of neurons. Also damage to the thalamus and prefrontal cortex.
• Symptoms: Apathy and confusion, retograde amnesia, antegrade amenia, and confabulation.

2/20/09

3. What is generally considered to be the only cause of catastrophic memory loss?

• Brain damage

2/20/09  

4. Which of the following isn’t a explanation for infant amnesia?

• Freud = repression

Other more explainable theories are:

• No verbal memories
• Hippocampus not fully formed.
• Sense of self isn't established yet.
• Encoding in younger life = not good

2/20/09

5. Wild guessing mixed in with correct information in an effort to hide memory gaps is known as what?

 2/20/09

6. What is the longest stage of Alzheimer’s?

Stage 2

2/20/09

7. In what stage of Alzheimer’s does most memory loss occur?

2/20/09

8. What was Freud’s explanation for infant amnesia?

2/23/09

 1. What is metacognition?

Ability to think about thinking.

Are able to evaluate your own thought processes.

Recognize own cognitive errors.

2/23/09

2. List what ADHD is.

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

• Also known as ADD.

• Common reason children are referred to mental help.
• Characterized by easy distraction.
• 3 to 10% of all children have ADHD.
• 70% of those are boys.
• There is a dispute about the true nature of the disorder.

• Stroop Test

2/23/09

4. Answering the question differently when it is phrased differently is known as what?

Framing Effect

2/23/09

5. The four stages of problem solving as discussed in lecture are what? In order.

[image]

2/23/09

6. Attentive processes are used for ___, while preattentive processes are used for____.

Preattentive processes are used to draw attention to different or unusual stimuli. (Catches our attention first).

Attentive processes help draw attention to a typical feature or figure. Requires a long and patient search.  

2/23/09

7. Which of the following was not a method described in class for categorizing information?

Methods talked about in class:

• Prototype: an idea of how it should be/belong.
• Conceptual Networks and Priming: We think about things in relation to other things.

2/23/09

8. Common Errors of Human cognition:

2/25/09

1. Broca’s Area is_____, while Wernicke’s area is______.

2/25/09

2. What is the word superiority effect?

Refers to the fact that people are generally better at recognizing individual letters when they are a part of a word rather than when they are standing alone or with a nonsense cluster.

2/25/09

3. Expert abilities have been found to usually be the result of what?

• Practice
• They are good at looking at patterns and recognizing important features quickly.

2/25/09

4. The term language acquisition device is associated with whom?

2/25/09

5. Which of the following is false about speed reading?

Improved retention of information.

2/25/09

6. Compared with other animal languages, only the human language is found to ___.

• Produce new ideas, novel information.
• Known as a productive language.

2/25/09

7. Stages of language development:

[image]

2/27/09

1. Match the theory of intelligence with the theorist.

Charles Spearman:

• Psychometric Approach
  • g factor: general reasoning ability
  • s factor: specific ability for given task

Raymond Cattel:

• Fluid and Crystallized intelligence
  • Fluid intelligence: solving unfamiliar problems.
  • Crystallized intelligence: highly practiced skills.

Howard Gardner:

• Multiple Intelligences
  • Music, social attentiveness, dancing, mathematics, and all other skills that society values. 

Robert Sternburg:

• Triarchic Theory
  • Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.  

2/27/09  

2. Who developed the 1^st IQ test?

2/27/09

3. Why were the 1^st IQ tests created?

 To place students in the appropriate classes.

2/27/09

4. What is the average IQ score and standard deviation for the WAIS-III?

100 with a standard deviation of 15.

2/27/09

5. Which of the following is a problem with the construct of intelligence?

Problem with some terms that are used to define intelligence and are hard to operationalize as intelligence.

Hard to come up with appropriate model.

2/27/09

6. Which of the following is a criticism of Gardner’s theory of intelligence?

Statistical evidence for "g" is nothing more than an indication that the skills were related.

If concept of intelligence expanded, evidence of "g" is weakened.

3/2/09

1. T/F: A test can be valid but not reliable.

F, a test can be reliable and not valid, but not the other way around.

3/2/09

2. Another term for test utility is what?

3/2/09

3. What is the Flynn Effect?

• Suggested IQ scores have been increasing over time.
• Makes it necessary to periodically restandardize IQ tests.

3/2/09

4. What is test bias?

A test is biased if it systematically underestimates the performance of the members of a certain group.

3/2/09

5. For psychological tests, reliability can also be viewed as ___, while validity can be viewed as__.

1. Reliability = Consistancy

2. Validity = Accuracy

3/2/09

6. Which children tend to have the highest correlated IQ scores?

Monozygotic twins reared together.

3/4/09

1. Which of the following is not anatomically  related to the regulation of sleep?

These  ARE related to sleep:  

• Suprachiasmic nucleus (“SCN”.)
• This tiny structure at the base of the brain is essentially your body’s “clock.”
• The SCN controls the sleep-wake cycle in part by regulating the secretion of the hormone melatonin by the pineal gland.

3/4/09

2. Circadian rhythms appear to have a strong relationship with what?  

Age:

• Young peope: night person
• Old people: morning person

3/4/09

3. Consciousness and what are inextricably related?

Brain activity

3/4/09

4. How long does the average sleep cycle take?

• 100 minutes
• Usually have 5 to 6 cycles every night.

3/4/09

5. In what way do children and adults differ in sleep cycles?

[image]

Children have reversed sleep cycles as well.

3/4/09

6. Which of the following individuals is most likely to have sleep apnea?

• Obese people
• Middle-aged to older men (Common)
• Associated with abnormalities in the medulla.

3/4/09

7. Which of the following is evidence for unconscious processing?

• Spatial Neglect: damage to one side, ignore the other.
• Blindsight: cortical blindness, still respond to stimuli unconsciously.
• Readiness Potential: motor cortex starts action before you are aware of it.

3/4/09

8. What does the brain use to adjust your body clock for sleep schedules? (more than one).

• Melitonin
• Light
• Consistancy of self imposed schedule.

3/6/09

1. According to Freud, the content of dreams was called__, while the symbols and hidden meanings were called___.

• Manifest content
• Latent content

3/6/09

2. Which of the following is an important component of inducing hypnosis?

• Willingness of the subject.
• Subjects belief that they will be hypnotized.

3/6/09

3. Which of the following theories of dreaming states that the stronger the imagination of the person (when awake), the greater the chance of dreaming?

Neurocognitive Theory

3/6/09

4. The relaxed state, similar to hypnosis, not requiring a hypnotist or suggestions is___.

3/9/09

1. What is the most common cause of obesity?

Lifestyle

• Taking in more calories than you burn
• Genes do have a small role

3/9/09

 2. A pattern of binging and purging accompanied with a failure to maintain a minimum body weight is known as what?

3/9/09

3. Who suggested that animals behave in instinctive ways until energies reach a critical level?

3/9/09

4. T/F: Weight fluctuates in the short term, but is very stable in the long term.

3/9/09

5. Which of the following is a way that medicines for weight loss work?

• Weakening hunger singals to brain
• Blocking absorption of fat
• Increasing metabolism

3/9/09

6. If a person claims that they’re not fun after eating a huge meal and could continue to eat until they explode, what part of the brain has likely been damaged?

3/9/09

7. Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that converts stored nutrients into blood glucose when energy is needed?  

3/11/09

1. Which sexual phase has a maximum level of vaisocongestion?

3/11/09

2. Which theory of management suggests that employees are lazy?

Scientific-management approach:

Theory X

3/11/09

 3. The four physiological stages of sexual arousal, in order, are what?

1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Climax
4. Resolution

3/11/09

4. Which sex is more likely to have had a homosexual experience prior to adulthood?

Males

3/11/09

5. Which of the following is not related to striving to achieve goals?

Not one of the following:

[image]

3/11/09

6. Which type of leader is more likely to use incentives?

Human-relations approach:

Theory Y

3/11/09

7. One of the main determinates in sex organ (utero) development is what?