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Definition
| processes using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, & revise theories |
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| scientific method (O-P-T-I-C) |
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Definition
| the procedures by which scientists conduct research, consisting of five basic processes: observation, prediction, testing, interpretation, & communication |
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| a set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions |
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| a specific, informed, and testable prediction of the outcome of particular set of conditions in a research design |
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| the repetition of a study to confirm the results; essential to the scientific process |
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| claims presented as scientific that are not supported by evidence obtained with the scientific method |
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| plans of action for how to conduct a scientific study |
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| a characteristic that changes or "varies," such as age, gender, weight, intelligence, anxiety, and extraversion |
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| the entire group a research is interested in, for example all humans, all adolescents, all boys, all girls, all college students |
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| subsets of the population studied in a research project |
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| study design in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything |
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| a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time |
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| a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world |
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| a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world |
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| a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying |
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| studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another, not designed to show causation |
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Definition
| a statistic that ranges from -1.0 to +1.0 and assesses the strength and direction of association between two variables |
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Definition
| a research design that includes independent & dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control & experimental groups or conditions |
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| a property that is manipulated by the experiment under controlled conditions to determine whether it causes the predicted outcome of an experiment |
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| in an experiment,the outcome or response to the experimental manipulation |
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| the method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group |
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| a group consisting of those participants who will receive the treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior |
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| a group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group, except that they do not receive the independent variable or treatment |
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| a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance |
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Definition
| variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined |
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Definition
| variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined |
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| studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have assigned |
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| studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control proud |
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| experimenter expectancy effects |
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Definition
| result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group & who is in the experimental group |
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| a statement that affects events to cause the prediction to become true |
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| research technique for combining all research results on one question & drawing a conclusion |
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| a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect |
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| the tools & techniques used to assess thought or behavior |
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| written or oral accounts of a person's thoughts, feelings, or actions |
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| measures based on systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting |
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| the tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self-reports |
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| measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state |
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| collection, analysis, interpretation, & presentation of numerical data |
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| measures used to describe & summarize research |
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| the arithmetic average of a series of numbers |
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| the scores that separates the lower half of scores from the upper half |
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| a statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value |
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| a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean |
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| the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data |
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| bell curve; a plot of how frequent data are that is perfectly symmetrical, with most scores clustering in the middle & only a few scores at the extremes |
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| analyses of data that allows us to test hypotheses & make an inference as to how likely a sample score is to occur in a population |
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| statistic that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population |
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| the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation-or more simply standards of right & wrong |
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| the explanation of the purposes of a study following data collection |
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| institutional review boards (IRBs) |
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Definition
| organizations that evaluate research proposals to make sure research involving humans does not cause undue harm or distress |
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| quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
| research method similar to an experimental design except that it make use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups |
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