Term
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Definition
E: Psychology study of mental activity / behavior.
C: Psychology is a social science based on research. |
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Term
| Q: What are the steps scientific method? |
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Definition
E:
1. Question of interest – Theory – A model of interconnected ideas / concepts. - 1. model of interconnected ideas / concepts that explains what is [observable]. and makes predictions
about future events. - guessing. |
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Term
| Q: What are the steps scientific method? |
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Definition
| 2. Hypothesis. - 2. An educated guess about how things work. - thinking about career options. Guessing about how things work |
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Term
| Q: What are the steps scientific method? |
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Definition
| 3. Research method. - 3. Test hypothesis by doing an experiment. - writing equations. - testing by doing an experiment based on hypothesis. |
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Term
| Q: What are the steps scientific method? |
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Definition
| 4. Analyze data – verify. - once data is collected / verified to see if hypothesis stands. |
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Term
| Q: What are the steps scientific method? |
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Definition
| 5. Publish information. - 5. Publishing your report in a scientific journal or talking at science meeting. - magazine. |
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Term
| 3. Q: What is descriptive research? (3 Q: What is descriptive research? (3 types) |
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Definition
E: Direct observation – hidden camera – Subject watched in usual environment w/o altering environment.
Observation in usual environment w/o altering.
Hawthorne effect – behavior changes once subject knows they’re being observed.
2. Self – report / survey research -
Participants do interviews / questionnaires.
Participants answer questions through interviews / questionnaires.
Self report -
Questions through interviews / questionnaires.
3. Case study – info on a small sample of subjects.
Case study – small sample subjects
Contd – Difficult to generalize may not be valid for an entire group.
Difficult to generalize not valid entire group.
C: Descriptive research one of methods (step 3 sci method) psychologists use for research. |
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Term
| Q: what is correctional research? |
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Definition
E: Shows relationship (association) between two. - look at page 5 – 9/6/2017
C: Correctional research doesn’t show cause. |
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Term
| Q: What is experimental research? |
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Definition
Experimental research
E: A. proves causation (action of causing something).
Causation
B. Relationship between cause and effect.
Cause – I’m not peeing.
effect – I will pee on myself.
C. Experimental group vs control group.
Ex. Doe’s watching violence make kids violent?
C. 1 – Experimental group – watching violent material
2. Control group – watching appropriate material.
Both groups can be compared to show effects.
C: Psychologists use experimental research to investigate cause and effect relationships. |
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Term
| Q: What is the difference between experimental groups and control groups? |
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Definition
E: Experimental groups receive test in
Ex. Violence
Control groups isn’t given test.
C: Psychologists treat both groups differently while / when doing research. |
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Term
| Q: What is the nervous system made of ? |
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Definition
E: The central nervous system (The Brain / Spinal cord)
The peripheral nervous system.
C:
Somatic (voluntary)
[walking
singning
talking]
Autonomic (involuntary)
using bathroom
heart beat
blood pressure
Sympathetic
(activates fight of flight response)
Parasympathetic (relaxes / rests body)
Ex. listening to music. |
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Term
| Q: Why is psychology important to you? |
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Definition
E: Psychology is important to me because it’s effected me for 10 going on 11 years now. A little past this time (this year) in the summer I had a break down and was institutionalized against my will I was forced to take medication because I was 17 at the time. I’ve been to various psych wards (more than I can count) and have seen at least half a dozen psychiatrists.
E2: Psychology is important to people because it explains how we perceive the world through our senses. Psychology also helps us ourselves and looks into why we are obsessed with certain people [a crush or a celebrity]. Through mental activity we perceive the world through our five senses ( sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch).Behavior means reacting to the outside world with the use of senses / outside input. We use the senses to take in information from the outside world.
C: Psychology shows people their response to the outside world through the senses. And through personal experiences with the outside world. |
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Term
| Q: What do psychologists investigate? |
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Definition
E: Nature / Nuture debate = Early philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato debated whether behavior came from genes (born with) or whether they came from personal experience (education / culture). Most psychologists say that both of these as influence our psychological makeup.
C: Psychologists investigate whether psychological makeup comes from being born with it or personal experience. Most agree that most people are shaped by both genes and personal experience. |
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Term
| Q: Is the mind separate from the body [what do psychologists think?] |
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Definition
E: At first psychologists asked if the mind and body were separate, or if the mind was a part of the brains physical activity. At certain points in history psychologists thought that the mind was separate and controlled the body. This view was possible because the strong religious beliefs that humans have a soul that lasts for eternity. In the 1600’s dualism was thought of (created) by the French philosopher Rene Descartes. Dualism says that the mind and body are separate but integrated. The body was an empty shell and that the mind was connected to the body by something invisible. Today most psychologists reject this idea. Most psychologists say that the mind runs on information processing in the brain.
C: The views of psychologists on if the mind and body are separate have changed since the beginning of psychology. Only a minority of psychologists think in the ways of dualism. Most psychologists think that the brain and mind are connected together within the body. |
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Term
| Q: What is experimental psychology? |
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Definition
E: Was established in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory. Wundt based his investigations around the idea that psychological processes are the products of brain activity. The psychological processes would take time to do depending on what type of activity was being done. An example could be dressing this would take less time then say doing a calculus problem which on average takes longer then dressing. The time it takes to do an activity was named reaction time. The more complex the activity the more brain activity would be used.
C: Experimental psychology opened the door for today’s psychologists to perform research. Was one of the first uses of research for psychology. |
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Term
| Q: What is introspection? |
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Definition
E: A method to measure people’s conscious experiences. Participants reflect / report on their thoughts about personal experiences of objects. An example could be experiencing a series of objects and would say which one was the most pleasant for them. This was critical to the development of psychology.
C: Introspection allowed psychology to develop and allowed other psychologists to open laboratories in Europe / Canada / the United States. Introspection is overwhelmingly not used by most psychiatrists because it can’t be used to understand psychological processes across different people. |
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Term
| Q: What is structuralism? |
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Definition
E: Created by Edward Tichener. Based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into underlying parts. Tichener believed that if psychologists could understand the basics of conscious experience they could scientifically understand the mind. If the participant shown an apple or played music through introspection the participant would analyze the experience [music or apple]. The main problem with introspection is that it is personal / unique to each participant who’s having the experience. Meaning that researchers can’t tell whether the participant is using in a similar way.
C:Structuralism allowed psychologists to understand how the human mind analyzes objects. Also this helped develop psychology into a science of it’s own. |
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Term
| Question: what is functionalism? |
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Definition
E: One of the critics of structuralism was William James change thought that structuralism failed to capture the most important aspects of the mental experience. James argued that amount was much more complex than it's elements and could not be broken down. He said that psychologists use a structural post or like people trying to understand a house I said he needs of its bricks individually. most important to James was that the bricks together form the house they houses in particular function.In short the mines elements magic less than the mind you just want to see people this came to be known as functionalism. According to functionalism the Mind came to existence over the course of human evolution. in other words the mind helps humans adapt to environmental conditions.
C: thanks to the Mind humans survive and pass on their genes to Future Generations. |
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Term
| Q: What is Psychoanalytic theory? |
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Definition
E: Created by Sigmund Freud. Was trained in medicine. In beginning of career worked with people who had nervous system disorders such as paralysis of various body parts. Few of his patients had direct medical reasons for their paralysis. To try to understand the connections between psychology and physical problems Freud created psychoanalytic theory. Freud determined that much of human behavior was determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness [subconscious]. These unconscious mental forces included both troubling childhood experiences blocked from memory and sexual urges that conflicted with acceptable behavior [good / normal behavior]. By creating psychological blockages within the individual these forces produce psychological discomfort and even mental disorders.
C: Psychoanalytic theory was one of the first types of psychology that dealt with the subconscious. Also this type of psychology bridged the gap between psychology and physical problems. |
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Term
| Q: What is psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
E: Also created by Sigmund Freud. Usually used in a therapy setting. The therapist and patient work together through therapy to solve the problems of the patients unconscious and bring it into the patients conscious mind. Once the patients unconscious problems are revealed the therapist helps the patient deal with the problem(s).
C: Psychoanalysis is used because it helps therapists deal with problems that their patient is dealing with. And through time between both the therapist and patient usually most of the time the patients problem is solved. |
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Term
| Q :what is Gestalt psychology? |
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Definition
E: Developed in opposition to structuralism. Thought to understand how people perceive information. The most prominent researchers in this field were Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang hauler. In 1912 researchers under Gestalt psychology begin to explore how people experience sensory input. An example could be why can people view things in a very different way. How can a person look at an object more than once and see it differently each time these questions lead to the development of Gestalt theory. According to Gestalt Theory the perception of an object as a personal experience about the work in other words directly opposed to structuralism when a person experiences different from all of the constituent elements of an object. Gestalt perspective has influenced many years of psychology including the study of vision and understanding of human personality.
C: Gestalt Theory also like other theories led to the development of modern psychology. And also opened the doors for other psychologists. And also led the way to different types of psychology's. |
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Term
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Definition
E: Psychologist John B Watson challenged the position that the focus of unconscious and conscious mental processes were unscientific. Watson believed that animals and humans learned behaviors through environment. The school of behaviorism investigates observable environmental effects on Behavior. This school of thought established many basic principles that are viewed as critical to understanding Behavior. Evidence has accumulated to show that thought process really does influence behavior. Few psychologists today describe themselves as strict behaviorists.
C: Behaviorism like other discoveries lead to modern psychology. And also within the world of psychology lead to a new type of revolution. |
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Term
| Q: What is humanistic psychology? |
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Definition
E: Rejecting both Psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers focused on human freedom and how this makes humans happy and brings them fulfillment. This focused on how people should focus on personal goals and try to live to their full potential.
C: Humanistic psychology lead to the movement of positive psychology and created a movement within psychology that led to how humans live happily |
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Term
| Q: What is positive psychology? |
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Definition
E: Encouragement of the scientific study of how faith, values, creativity, courage and hope affect us as humans.
C: Emphasizes the quality of relationships and taking enjoyment from life’s accomplishments. |
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Term
| Q: What is cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
E: Launched in 1957 by George A. Miller and his colleagues including Ulric Neisser. Cognitive Psychology in this age is concerned with investigation of mental functions like intelligence, thinking,
language, attention, learning, memory, problem solving, and decision making.
C: Some earlier cognitive psychologists focused exclusively on mental processes, while others recognized that the brain was important to cognition. |
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Term
| Q: what are the levels of psychologial analysis? |
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Definition
E: Biological
Individual
Social
Cultural
C: psychological analysis has various (4 types) of levels. |
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Term
| Q: what is the biological level of psychological analyst? |
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Definition
E: the biological level of analysis deals with how the body influences our thoughts and behaviorwithin the last three decades there's been tremendous growth in the same two biological bases of mental activities. We know that genes affect thoughts actions feelings and disorders in psychological processes are associated with activity in specific parts of the brain.Listening to positive music increases activation of brain regions associated with positive experiences.
C: music peer speeches by the brain as a special category of auditory information. |
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Term
| Q: what is the individual level of analysis? |
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Definition
E: Focuses on individual differences in personality and mental processes that affect perception understanding within the case of Music research look for individual differences in music's effect on mood memory decision-making. Studies have shown that makes their feelings more intense.
C: listen to sad music tends to interpret a story negatively told you them nose listen to happens 10-digit potato story told them more positively |
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Term
| Q: what is the individual level of analysis? |
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Definition
E: Focuses on individual differences in personality and mental processes that affect perception understanding within the case of Music research look for individual differences in music's effect on mood memory decision-making. Studies have shown that makes their feelings more intense.
C: listen to sad music tends to interpret a story negatively those who listen to more positive music intepretate a story more positively. |
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Term
| Q: What is the social level of analysis? |
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Definition
E: investigates how groups affect people's interactions and people's influence on each other. Researchers look at the types of music people prefer groups when in groups and when they are alone. for instance people who prefer certain types of music like rap promote violence and drug use similar people who prefer Punk reggae and techno music are more likely to use alcohol drugs tobacco than people who prefer pop /classical music. Those who listen more more pro-social lyrics participants to be more empathetic and increase their helping behavior.
C: This doesn't mean that listen to music like these always pause these types of behaviors some people are they have this some people are already behave this way also developed different musical preferences. |
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Term
| Q: what is the cultural level of of analysis? |
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Definition
E: explores how people's thoughts feelings are similar or different across different cultures. if you listen to world music you're aware that different cultures prefer different types of music. this maybe because of the music itself. African music has different has a different sound than western music. Which may also constitute the important role of dancing and drumming in these cultures.
C: furthermore attitudes about people who are different from us can affect our perceptions of their music styles an example could be the United States and United Kingdom where people were more prejudiced towards blacks because of rap music. |
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