Term
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Definition
| analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
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Definition
| information processing guided by higher level mental processes (eg. experience, expectations) |
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Definition
| detecting energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals (raw information) |
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Definition
| selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations (adding meaning to our sensations) |
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Definition
| the study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological or sensory experience of them. |
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Definition
| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time (not easy to achieve) |
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Definition
| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. aka just noticeable difference (JND) |
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Definition
to be detected as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
change in intensity/original intensity |
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Definition
| detection of a stimulus against background noise depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual |
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| Why is signal detection theory better? |
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Definition
| it takes into account other factory influencing the detection of a stimulus (eg. expectations, motivation, fatigue) |
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Definition
| trials in which the stimulus if not present |
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Definition
| signal present and detected |
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Definition
| signal present but not detected |
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| signal not present and not detected |
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| signal not present but mistakenly detected |
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Definition
| height of the wave, related to brightness |
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Definition
| distance from one wave to the next, related to color |
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Definition
| conversion of one form of energy into another (stimulus energy into neural signal) |
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Definition
| transparent outer covering of the eye |
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Definition
| ring of tissue forming the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil. Muscle that controls pupil size. |
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Definition
| adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters |
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| what causes pupil size change? (4) |
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Definition
| light intensity, drug use, emotional reactions, and mental concentration |
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Definition
| changes shape to focus images on the retina |
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Definition
| light sensitive inner surface of the eye, contains the photoreceptors, absorbs light, begins processing images. |
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Definition
| central focal point of the retina |
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Definition
| used in day vision; color vision; located in fovea; one-to-one connections; 6 million of them |
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Definition
| used in night vision; black, white, and gray vision; located in the periphery of the eye; many-to-one connections; 120 million of them |
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Definition
| bits of material in the eye that cast a shadow on the retina |
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Definition
| absence of receptors where the optic nerve exists the eye |
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Term
| how do we "see" the blind spots? |
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Definition
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Definition
| retina to optic nerve to thalamus to occipital lobe |
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Definition
| (trichromatic)experience of color is due to the wavelength-absorbing differences in the three types of cones (red, green, blue); these three types of cones are used to produce the whole array of colors |
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Definition
the information from the cones feeds into three types of neurons that are stimulated or inhibited by cone pairs
-->red/green, blue/yellow, black/white |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus (eg. lines of a certain orientation, shape, angle) |
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Definition
| can process several features at one time (color, motion, size, form, depth) |
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Definition
| can process on feature at a time |
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Definition
| focusing your conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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Definition
| (selective attention) the ability to attend to one voice among many, focusing attention on one stimulus only |
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Definition
| a form of unintentional blindness; failing to notice changes in the environment |
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Definition
| failing to notice changes in sound |
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Definition
| not noticing a switch made from the original choice you made (asked for green, given yellow and you don't notice) |
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Definition
| an example of selective attention |
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Definition
| the organization of the visual field into objects (the figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
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Definition
| reversible image(2 faces, 1 vase), an example of figure-ground |
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Term
| what does Gestalt's notion that "the whole is more (or different) than the sum of its parts" mean? |
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Definition
| It means that we add meaning to something that would otherwise have no meaning (we see 3 dots, we connect them) |
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Term
| Gestalt principle of proximity |
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Definition
| we group nearby things together |
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Term
| Gestalt principle of similarity |
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Definition
| we group similar things together |
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| Gestalt principle of continuity |
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Definition
| we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
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| Gestalt principle of closure |
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Definition
| we fill in gaps to create whole, complete objects |
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Term
| Gestalt principle of connectedness |
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Definition
| we perceive linked objects as a single unit |
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Term
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Definition
| require two eyes to see depth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| by comparing the different images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance (the closer the object, the greater the disparity) |
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Definition
| the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object |
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Definition
| require only one eye to see depth |
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Definition
| the closer an object, the bigger it apprears |
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Definition
| if an object partially blocks our view of another object, we perceive it as closer |
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Definition
| hazy objects appear farther away than sharp clear ones |
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Definition
| we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as further away |
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Definition
| parallel lines appear to converge with distance |
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Definition
| the visual system assumes that light comes from above |
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Definition
| an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession |
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Definition
| perceiving objects as unchanging even as retinal images change (brightness, color, shape, size) |
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Definition
| a mental predisposition to perceive on thing and not another (due to experience, assumptions, expectations) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to adjust to an artificially placed or inverted visual field |
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Term
| people with restored vision can/cannot perceive____ |
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Definition
| can perceive color and figure-ground, have trouble perceiving shape and distance |
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Term
| extrasensory perception (ESP) |
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Definition
| the claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input |
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Definition
| form of ESP; mind to mind comunication |
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Definition
| form of ESp; perceiving remote events |
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Definition
| form of ESP; perceiving future events |
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Definition
| form of ESP; mind affecting matter |
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Term
| why are paranormal experiences unreliable? (4) |
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Definition
| odd things happen by chance, coincidence, don't notice disconfirming evidence, and pick up information but not aware of it |
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Term
| results of Gazfeld experiments |
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Definition
| 25% chance level or being correct; 35% correct across studies |
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Term
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Definition
| believe there ins no reliable (replicable) evidence that anyone possesses ESP |
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Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the continuous flow of ideas, sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings that fill one's consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| require alert awareness, absorbs attention and interfere with other activities (studying). performed serially and slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| occur with little awareness, require minimal attention, and do not interfere with other activities (walking). performed in parallel and quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| daydreaming decreases with age |
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Term
| time young-adults spend daydream |
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Definition
| 1/3 of waking life spent daydreaming |
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Term
| how is daydreaming tested? |
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Definition
| through experience- sampling methods. subjects randomly answer questions throughout day |
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Term
| how is daydreaming healthy? (4) |
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Definition
| can help you relax, endure frustration, alleviate boredom, and rehearse possible approaches to a problem |
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Term
| traits of fantasy-prone personalities |
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Definition
| imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and spend considerable time fantasizing |
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Term
| % of fantasy prone personalities |
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Definition
| about 4% of the population |
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Term
| time spent fantasizing? (fantasy prone personalities |
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Definition
| apend about 1/2 of waking life daydreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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Term
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Definition
| minimize external distractions, encourage concentration on only suggested stimuli, encourage the belief the subject is about to enter a special state of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| enriched fantasy, cognitive passivity, hyper-selective attention, and reduces reality testing |
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Term
| phenomena associated with hypnosis (6) |
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Definition
| anesthesia, hallucinations, age regression, enhanced memory, post hypnotic suggestion, disinhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of hypnosis that proposes that during hypnosis consciousness changes, it becomes divided into 2 streams: 1. a part aware of the hypnotist and external world. 2. a hidden observer |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences that go unreported during hypnosis |
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Term
| 2 views of hypnosis (and evidence) |
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Definition
1. Social Influence Theory: (hypnosis as role playing, but not fake) can get hypnotic phenomena without hypnosis, hypnotically-enhanced memories are often wrong, no major change in brain state during hypnosis.
2. Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness: some phenomena cannot be replicated by role playing (anesthesia), some brain changes do occur during hypnosis that do not occur during role playing |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic functions in psychological functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| alertness and daydreaming |
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Term
| circadian (24 hour) rhythms (4) |
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Definition
| sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, and urine production |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal affective disorder, sexual activity. |
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Term
| Milestone in study of sleep |
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Definition
| Aserinsky and Kleitman's discovery of REM sleep in the 1950s |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing and heart slow, low muscle tone, hypnotic imagery (5-10 minutes long) |
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Term
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Definition
| little or no eye movement, some muscle tone, mundane (boring) thoughts (approx. 20 minutes long) |
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Term
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Definition
| (delta sleep) little or no eye movement, very little muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| heart speeds up, fast shallow breathing, vivid dreaming, EEG: high frequency, low amplitude, relaxed muscle tone, eye movement, ear and muscle twitching |
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Term
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Definition
| electroencephalogram; measures electrical changes across the surface of the brain's cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| electromyogram; measures muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| electrooculogram; measures eye movement |
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Term
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Definition
| ongoing tension on muscles while supporting the body |
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Term
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Definition
| (EEG) bursts of high frequency waves in stage 2[image] |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| sensory experience upon awakening |
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Definition
| sensory experience during sleep onset |
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Term
| sleepwalking and bed-wetting |
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Definition
| occur during delta sleep, especially during the first sleep cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous throughout REM sleep; EMG relaxed muscle tone, erections |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic throughout REM sleep; eye movement, ear and muscle twitching |
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Term
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Definition
| amplitude determines loudness; increasing amplitude increases loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency determines pitch; long waves have low frequency and low pitch, short waves have high frequency and high pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| snail-shaped, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| when bent these trigger impulses at the base of the nerve cells, sending neural messages to the thalamus and on to the temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| ripples when vibrations enter the cochlea, causing the hair cells to bend |
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Term
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Definition
| in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense a pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely then the other, our brain then computes the sounds location |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of an unchanging stimulus |
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Term
| Do major changes in brain state occur during hypnosis? |
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Definition
1. no
2. social influence theory: no, hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness: yes |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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Term
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Definition
| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawl symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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Term
| misconceptions about addiction (3) |
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Definition
1. addictive drugs quickly corrupt (use turns into abuse)
2. addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily (therapy is required)
3. addiction is not only drug dependency but also includes all repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors |
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Term
| effects (2) of depressants (3) |
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Definition
| calms neural activity and slows body functions (alcohol, barbiturates, opiates) |
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Term
| effects (2) of stimulants (5) |
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Definition
| excite neural activity and speed up body functions (methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy) |
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Term
| effects (2) of hallucinogens (2) |
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Definition
| distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (LSD and marijuana) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| control visual and auditory senses of receiver, have sender try to send receiver information about a target through telepathy, then receiver must choose among 3 decoys and the target what the sender what trying to transmit to them. |
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