Term
| Steps of treating a mental disorders |
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Definition
1. Determine the nature of the problem through diagnosis
2.In diagnosis, clinicians seek to determine the nature of the patient's mental disease by assessing symptoms-behaviours, thoughts, and emotions suggesting an underlying abnormal syndrome, a coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cold. |
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Term
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Definition
| the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual. |
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Definition
| suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed |
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Term
| Generalize anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. |
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Definition
an extreme fear of venturing into public places
people who have this phobia fear to have a panic attack in public places |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) |
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Definition
disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts(obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions)
designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning.
having a repetitive song in your head, counting ceiling tiles during boring lecture.
heightened neural activity in the caudate nucleus in the brain, a portion of basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years |
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Term
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Definition
an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
tends to be persistent
highest rate of heritability, identical twins 40% to 70%, fraternal twins 10% |
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Definition
a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
the activation of Broca's area |
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Definition
| a patently false believe system, often bizarre and glandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality. |
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Term
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different time take control of the individual's behaviour. |
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Definition
| the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumptions of a new identity. |
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Definition
| the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder (APD) |
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Definition
| a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood |
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Term
Schizophrenia
(not to rearn. sheet) |
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by a profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour |
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Term
| Borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships. Frequent mood changes and anger, unpredictable impulses. Self-mutilation or suicidal threats og gestures to get attention or manipulate others. Self-mage fluctuation and tendency to see others as "all good" or "all bad" |
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Term
| Schizotypal personality disorder |
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Definition
| peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange beliefs. "Magical thinking" such as belief in ESP or telepathy. Difficulty forming relationships. May react oddly in conversation, not respond, or talk to self. Speech elaborate or difficult to follow (possibly a mild form of schizophrenia). |
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Term
| Schizoid Personality disorder |
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Definition
| extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationships. Prefers to be alone, little interest in others, Humourless, distant, often absorbed with own thoughts and feelings, a daydreamer. Fearful of closeness, with poor social skills, often seen as a "Loner" |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| impoverished moral sense or "conscience". History of deception, crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive or violent behaviour. Little emotional empathy or remorse for hurting others. Manipulative, careless, callous. At high risk for substance abuse and alcoholism |
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Term
| Histrionic personality disorder |
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Definition
| constant attention seeking Grandiose language, provocative dress, exaggerated illnesses, all to gain attention. Believes that everyone loves them. Emotional, lively overly dramatic, enthusiastic, and excessively flirtatious. shallow and labile true emotions. "Onstage" |
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Term
| Narcissistic personality disorder |
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Definition
| inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success. Exaggerates own achievement , assumes others will recognize they are superior. Good first impressions but poor longer-term relationships. Exploitative of others. |
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Term
| Avoidant personality disorder |
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Definition
| socially anxious and uncomfortable unless they are confident of being liked. In contrast with schizoid person, yearns for social contact. Fears criticism and worries about being embarrassed in front of others. Avoids social situations due to fear of rejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| an intense fear of enclosed spaces. |
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Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| which increase sympathetic nervous system activation (and therefore increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate) and decrease parasympathetic activation |
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Term
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Definition
| Howard Fields and Jon Levine (1984) discovered that placebos trigger the release of endorphins (or endogenous opioids), painkilling chemicals similar to morphine that are produced by the brain (see Chapter 5). In their experiments, they found that an injection of naloxone, an opioid-blocking drug, typically reduces the benefit both of an opioid such as morphine and a placebo injection, suggesting that the *placebo has its painkilling effects because it triggers the release of endorphins. |
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Definition
can sometimes reduce the symptoms of GAD(generalized anxiety disorder)
GABA inhibits certain neurons in the brain, producing a calming effect for the person. |
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Term
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Definition
tranquilizers reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by lowering levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| global assessment of functioning |
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Definition
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.
The individuals with (PTSD) have smaller hippocampus. |
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Term
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Definition
is who practices psychotherapy holds a doctorate with specialization in clinical psychology.
-assessment of psychological disorders and research
-conduct therapy that involves talking |
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Term
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Definition
is a medical doctor who has completed an M.D> with specialized training in assessing and treating mental disorders.
-can prescribe medications
-don't typically receive much training in the diagnosis or treatment of mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| have master's degree in social work and have training in working with people in dire situations such as poverty, homelessness or family conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| have a wide range of training To be counselling psychologist, for example, requires a doctorate and practical training- the title uses that the key term psychologist and is regulated by state laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| an interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem |
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Definition
| treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem |
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Term
| Psychodynamic psychotherapies |
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Definition
| a general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
assumes that humans are born with aggressive and sexual urges that are repressed during childhood development through the use of defence mechanisms.
take an average 3-6 years; 4-5 sessions/week. |
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Definition
| occurs when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies. |
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Term
| Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) |
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Definition
a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
getting married; grief of the loved one, interpersonal deficits
therapy is once a week for a couple of months. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of therapy that assumes that discovered behaviour is learned and the symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of behaviour therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviours, which they can later trade for rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
an approach to treatment that involves confronting and emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response.
the person faces what she fears |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others and the world. |
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Term
| Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| a blend of cognitive and behavioural therapeutic strategies |
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Term
| Existential psychotherapy |
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Definition
| from failures to find a meaning in life |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings can be traced to failures to reach one's potential |
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Term
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Definition
| in which client imagines that another person(eg. spouse, a parent or coworker) is in an empty chair, sitting directly across from the client. The client than moves from chair to chai, alternating from role playing what he or she would say to another person and imagines what the other person will say |
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Term
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Definition
therapy in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere.
-for a therapist it may be difficult to assemble the group of individual with similar needs.
-those who participate less in the group may not benefit much as those who participate more |
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Term
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Definition
| an existential approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client becom aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsability for them. |
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Term
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Definition
an approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward their own growth and that is growth can be facillitated by acceptance and geenuine reaction of the therapist.
Each client determine their own goals for therapy.
3 basic qualtities: congruence=honesty; empathy, unconditional positive regard. |
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Term
Drug therapy:
Anxiety medications
antidepressants
antipsychotic drugs
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
psychopharmacology
transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
Anxiety medications-drugs that help reduce a person�s experience of fear or anxiety
antidepressants-a class of drugs that help lift people�s mood
antipsychotic drugs-medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-A treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electric shock to the brain
psychopharmacology-The study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-A treatment that involves placing a powerful magnet over a person�s scalp, which either inhibits or stimulates neuronal activity in the brain |
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs |
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Definition
| The SSRIs work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, which makes more serotonin available in the synaptic space between neurons. The greater availability of serotonin in the synapse gives the neuron a better chance of “recognizing” and using this neurotransmitter in sending the desired signal. |
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Term
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Definition
| low levels of serotonin are a causal factor in depression |
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Term
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Definition
| is a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself. Such an illness might arise, for example, when a psychotherapist becomes convinced that a client has a disorder that in fact the client does not have. |
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Term
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Definition
| specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well being. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stressor you believe you might not be able to overcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of environmental effects on behavior and health. |
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Term
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Definition
sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly.
Ex. Strained relationships, long lines in supermarket, overwork, money troubles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the aid gained through interacting with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces it’s threat. |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
a three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.
Three phases of GAS: alarm phase, resistance phase and exhaustion phase. |
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Term
Type A behavior pattern?
Type B behavior pattern? |
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Definition
the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings.
less driven behavioral pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| is determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not- that is, whether you have a control over the event. |
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Term
Stress and how to control it?
repressive coping and rational coping? |
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Definition
Repressive coping- is characterized by avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of the stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint.
Rational coping- facing the stressor and working to overcome it. Involves 3 steps: acceptance, exposure and understanding |
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Term
| What does hostility predicts? |
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Definition
| Hostility particularly in man, predicts heart disease better than any other major casual factor, such as smoking, high caloric intake, or even high levels of LDL cholesterol. |
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Term
| what influence does physical exercise has on psychological well being? |
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Definition
Exercise promotes stress relief and happiness.
aerobic exercise is associated with psychological well being. |
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Term
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Definition
Humour can diffuse unpleasant situations bad feelings,reduce sensitivity to pain and distress.
Humor can also reduce the time needed to calm down after stressful event.
However humour doesn't improve health and longevity |
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Term
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Definition
stress resistant group is called hardiness. They showed a sense of commitment, exhibited believe in control, and they are willing to accept a challenge.
Hardiness has a positive effects in college students. |
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