Term
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Definition
| the study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life |
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Term
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Definition
| compares people of different ages at the same point in time. provides info about differences in development between different age groups. |
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Definition
| traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants age. asses change in behavior over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| examines a number of age groups at several points in time. combo of cross-sectional and longitudinal |
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Term
| best test subjects for nature vs. nurture |
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Definition
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Term
| the human body contains ___ pairs of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| each chromosome contains thousands of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| an immediately fertilized egg is referred to as a ___, when it is a one celled entity. |
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Definition
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Term
| from 2-8 weeks, the fertilized egg is referred to as an ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| a fertilized egg, from week 8 until birth, is referred to as a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which the fetus can survive if born prematurely. |
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Definition
| environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, viruses, or other factors that can produce a birth defect. |
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Term
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Definition
| a normal, completely developed child just after the moment of birth. |
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Term
| a neonate is born with a number of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations to the same stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children. children tend to be unsociable, unfriendly and relatively withdrawn |
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Term
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Definition
| parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction, and although they are warm, require little of them. children show immaturity, moodiness, dependence, and low self control |
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Term
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Definition
| parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them. Children have high social skills, likable, self reliant, independent, and cooperative |
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Term
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Definition
| parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached. children feel unloved and are emotionally detached, and their physical and cognitive development are impeded . |
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Term
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Definition
| basic, innate disposition |
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Term
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Definition
| development of individuals interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurring from birth to 1.5 years, first stage during which time infants develop feeling of trust or lack of trust |
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Term
| autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage |
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Definition
| from 1.5 to 3 years, stage during which toddlers develop independence if exploration and freedom are encouraged or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and over protected |
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Term
| initiative versus guilt stage |
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Definition
| age 3-6, period during which children experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action. |
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Term
| industry vs. inferiority stage |
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Definition
| last stage of childhood, during which children age 6-12 may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a childs understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight. |
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Term
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Definition
1. sensorimotor. 2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational. |
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Term
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Definition
| birth-2 years, stage during which child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols. |
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Term
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Definition
| ages 2-7, age that is characterized by language development, symbolic thinking, and egocentric thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| age 7-12, stage characterized by development of conservation, mastery of concept of reversibility. loss of egocentrism. |
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Term
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Definition
| age 12-adulthood, characterized by logical and abstract thought. |
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Term
| principle of conservation |
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Definition
| the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which people take in, use, and store information. |
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Term
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Definition
| an awareness and understanding of ones own cognitive self. |
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| the level at which a child can almost , but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own. |
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Term
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Definition
| the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual |
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Term
| patterns of thinking, reasoning, remembering, and problem solving |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemata without changing them. |
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Term
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Definition
| changing existing schemas to explain new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| limited ability to share another persons point of view |
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Term
| lack of conservation: centration |
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Definition
| only able to focus on one aspect of a situation at a time |
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Term
| lack of conservation: irreversibility |
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Definition
| able to mentally reverse a function |
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Term
| concrete operations: operations |
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Definition
| special schemata, can be applied to work on objects mentally. |
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Term
| Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development |
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Definition
1. trust vs. mistrust stage 2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage 3. initiative vs. guilt stage 4. industry vs. inferiority stage
5. Identity vs. role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. ego-integrity vs. despair |
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Term
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Definition
| opened first experimental psychology lab in Leipzeig Germany in 1879. studied the content of consciousness through the technique of introspection. |
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Term
| William Wundts perspective was |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| focusis on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness,thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when exposed to a stimulus. |
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Term
| the process that replaced structuralism is known as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rather than focusing on the minds structure, it concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. |
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Term
| functionalism was led by ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Student of Wundt who brought ideas to US and the methodology and discipline was termed structuralism. |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a whole sense rather than on the individual elements of perception |
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Term
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Definition
| the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions |
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Term
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Definition
| working with clients with neurosis, developed theory of personality, psychodynamic perspective. said that personality is driven by forces beyond our control |
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Term
| psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control |
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Term
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Definition
| the approach that suggests that observable,measurable behavior should be the focus of the study. |
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Term
| famous behavioral psychologists |
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Definition
| John Watson,Ivan Pavlov, and BF skinner |
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Term
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Definition
| the approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world |
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Term
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Definition
| the approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior |
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Term
| from the cognitive perspective, thinking is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| humanistic perspective deals with ____ |
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Definition
| free will vs. determinism |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that peoples behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control |
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Term
| explain observable behavior vs. internal mental processes |
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Definition
| should psychologists focus solely on behavior that can be seen by outside observers or should it focus on unseen thinking processes |
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Term
| ___ is one of the major issues that psychologists address |
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Definition
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Term
| explain conscious vs. unconscious behavior |
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Definition
| how much of our behavior is produced by forces of which we are fully aware of, and how much is due to unconscious behavior. |
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Term
| explain individual differences versus universal principles |
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Definition
| how much of our behavior is a consequence of our unique and special qualities, and how much reflects the culture and society in which we live. |
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Term
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Definition
| the approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest. |
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Term
| scientific method; 5 steps |
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Definition
1. define the problem
2. formulate hypothesis
3. design study and test hypothesis
4. analyze, interpret findings, draw conclustions
5. report findings |
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Term
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Definition
| broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest |
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Term
| theories are general principles that ____ |
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Definition
| attempt to explain how several facts or events are related |
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Term
| theory of diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| the greater the number of bystanders or witnesses to an event that calls for helping behavior, the more the responsibility for helping is perceived to be shared by all bystanders. |
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Term
| according to the theory of diffusion of responsibility, the greater the number of bystanders in an emergency situation, the ___ |
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Definition
| smaller the share of the responsibility each person feels and the less likely that any single person will come forward to help. |
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Term
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Definition
| a prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested |
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Term
| a hypothesis is a specific ____. |
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Definition
| statement that attempts to describe or explain behavior |
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Term
| a hypothesis will incorporate ___ variables |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measureable condition, event, or any characteristic that is controlled or observed in a study. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| examples of categorical variable |
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Definition
| skin color,grade, eye color, class status |
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Term
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Definition
| the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed. |
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Term
| examples of operational definition |
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Definition
| heart rate, grade, points scored, any statistic |
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Term
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Definition
| research in which existing data, such as census documents/college records/newspapers are examined to test a hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behaviors thoughts or attitudes |
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Term
| researchers who use surveys strive to obtain a ___ of the population |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people. |
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Term
| behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or fluctuate in some way |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated. |
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Term
| correlation coefficient ranges from ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| a positive correlation indicates ___ |
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Definition
| that as the value of one variable increases, we can predict that the other variable will also increase. |
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Term
| If correlation coefficient is positive then ___ |
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Definition
| it is a positive correlation. The closer it is to 1 the stronger the association between the variables |
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Term
| a negative correlation tells us that ___ |
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Definition
| as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases. |
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Term
| a negative correlation coefficient indicates __ |
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Definition
| a negative correlation. The closer it is to -1.0, the stronger the negative association. |
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Term
| finding that two variables are correlated ____ |
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Definition
| does not mean that there is a causal relationship between them. |
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Term
| the mere fact that two variables occur together ____. |
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Definition
| does not mean that one causes the other |
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Term
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Definition
| the investigation of the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of that situation. |
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Term
| ___ does not demonstrate causality, an alternative technique used to establish causality is the ____ |
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Definition
| correlational research;experiment |
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Term
| experimental manipulation |
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Definition
| the change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition or event that the experimenter varies in order to see it impact on another variable |
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Term
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Definition
| variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable |
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Term
| an experiment always has __ groups |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 groups of an experiment |
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Definition
| experimental group and control group |
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Term
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Definition
| any variable, other than the independent variable, that seem likely to have an influence on the dependent variable. |
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Term
| many extraneous variables are controlled through ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to contain extraneous variables, experimenters want to make conditions between groups the same except for the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the manipulation implemented by the experimenter. |
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Term
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Definition
| any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| any group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment. |
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Term
| the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter |
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Definition
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Term
| the variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenters manipulation of the independent variable |
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Definition
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Term
| random assignment to condition |
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Definition
| a procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or conditions on the basis of chance and chance alone. |
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Term
| a hypothesis predicts ____ |
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Definition
| the effect the independent variable will have on the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypothesis |
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Term
| psychologists require that findings be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve. |
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Term
| experimental bias are factors that___. |
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Definition
| distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a false treatment, such as a pill,drug, or other substance withou |
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Term
| one of the most common forms of experimental bias is |
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Definition
| experimenter expectations |
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Term
| experimenter expectations |
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Definition
| an experimenter unintentionally transmits cues to participants about the way they are expected to behave in a given experimental condition |
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Term
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Definition
| to overcome experimenter expectations, the person who administers the drug shouldnt know whether it is the drug or the placebo |
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Term
| From what 2 disciplines did psychology emerge |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 6 major current perspectives? |
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Definition
| biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic, sociocultural |
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Term
| Important goals of research/science |
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Definition
-measurement and description
-explanation and understanding
-prediction and control |
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Term
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Definition
| The first two weeks after conception, zygote starts out as a speck. |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts from week 2-8, embryo. grows 10,000 times larger by 4 weeks of age at about 1/5 inch long. Organs start developing. by week 8, about an inch long and has discernible arms,legs, and a face. |
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Term
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Definition
| from week 8 until birth, movements become strong enough that mothers feel them, responds to touch, hair may begin to grow, organs begin functioning. |
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Term
| age of viability is about _ weeks |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Definition
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operations
4. formal operations |
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Term
| 4 general areas of development |
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Definition
| physical, cognitive, social, moral |
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Term
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Definition
| is the prenatal growth from conception to 5 months when the head grows more than the body. It is also the trend of infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| is the prenatal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards. When referring to motor development, the proximodistal trend refers to the development of motor skills from the center of the body outwards. |
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Term
| explain Harry Harlows study with monkeys |
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Definition
| harlow gave the monkey the choice of cuddling with a wire monkey that fed it milk, or a soft terry cloth monkey that was warm but did not feed it milk. Monkeys spent most of the time with the warm terry cloth monkey. food alone was insufficient to create attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| securely attached, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized-disoriented |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 year olds showing this employ the mother as a kind of home base, they explore independently but return to her occasionaly. When she leaves, they exhibit distress, but go to her when she returns. |
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Term
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Definition
| they do not cry when their mother leaves, and they seem to avoid her when she returns as if indifferent to her. |
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Term
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Definition
| display anxiety before they are seperated and are upset when the mother leaves, but they may show ambivalent actions to her return, such as seeking close contact but simultaneously hitting and kicking her. |
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Term
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Definition
| these children show inconsistent and often contradictory behvior |
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Term
| How do temperament and attachment interact |
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Definition
| the kind of temperament a baby is born with may in part bring about specific kinds of parental child rearing styles |
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Term
| Eriksons 4 stages of psychosocial development |
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Definition
trust vs. mistrust stage
autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage
initiative vs. guilt stage
industry vs. inferiority stage |
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Term
| Kohlbergs stages of moral development |
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Definition
1. Preconventional: see things as right or wrong based on rewards or consequences.
2. Conventional: Based on social norms, how you are viewed
3. Postconventional: Self created ethics based on your own beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs,begins around 11 or 12 for girls, and 13 or 14 for boys. |
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Term
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Definition
| which involves information processing skills such as memory, calculations, and analogy solving. How quickly you process knowledge |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| intelligence based on the accumulation of information (memory), skills, and strategies learned through experience |
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Term
| Are intelligence declines an inevitable part of aging? |
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Definition
| No, fluid intelligence does decline with age, and long term memory abilities are sometimes impaired. In contrast crystallized intelligence show slight increases with age, and short term memory remains about the same. |
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Term
| why do older people have lower scores on IQ tests? |
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Definition
a) type of test
b) disuse hypothesis
c) generation hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept |
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Term
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Definition
| how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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Term
| beliefs and feelings that predispose one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction between an individuals characteristics and the situational influences. |
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Term
|
Definition
B=f(P,E)
behavior is a function of the person and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| message interpretation characterized by thoughtful consideration of the issues and arguments used to persuade. |
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Term
| peripheral route processing |
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Definition
| message interpretation characterized by consideration of the source and related general information rather than of the message itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cognitive processes by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of cognitions about people and social experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| the major traits considered in forming impressions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individuals behavior, what the specific causes of that persons behavior are. |
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Term
| situational causes of behavior |
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Definition
| perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors |
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Term
| dispositional causes of behavior |
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Definition
| perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which an understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to think of people as being similar to oneself even when meeting them for the first time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself. |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| a tendency to overattribute others behavior to dispositional causes and minimize the importance of situational causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others |
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Term
|
Definition
Affect
Behavioral PreDisposition
Cognitions: Thoughts |
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Term
| When do attitudes guide behaviors |
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Definition
1) Strong, central attitudes
2) specific attitudes |
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Term
| When do behaviors guide attitude? |
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Definition
| cognitive dissonance, couter attitudinal behavior |
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Term
| Persuasion and attitude change: 3 things |
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Definition
1. message source
2. Characteristics of message
3. Characteristics of target (receiver) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) credibility
2) attractiveness
3) similarity |
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Term
| characteristics of message |
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Definition
1. message must i)capture attention ii)be understandable iii) be convincing iv) be memorable
2. two sided arguments
3. Fear appeals |
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Term
| Characteristics of target/receiver |
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Definition
1) need for cognition
a)central route processing
b) peripheral route processing
2) original attitude position |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people |
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Term
|
Definition
| behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in behavior in response to the commands of others |
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Term
| Milgram experiments showed |
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Definition
| obediance to shock others |
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Term
|
Definition
| showed conformity to group |
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Term
| Sherif - Autokinetic effect |
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Definition
| showed power of the influence of others, think the time experiment we did in class |
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Term
| When will conformity pressure be the strongest (5 things): |
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Definition
1) group is highly attractive
2)individual has low status in the group
3) public vs. private response
4) ambiguous task
5) Unanimity of the group |
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Term
| Tools of influence for compliance(6): |
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Definition
1)ingratiation
2)reciprocity (not so free sample)
3) thats not all technique
4) foot in the door technique
5) door in the face technique
6) Low Balling |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group |
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Term
|
Definition
| a negative or positive evaluation of a particular group and its members |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members |
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Term
| 6 factors that influence attraction |
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Definition
| proximity, mere exposure, similarity, physical attractiveness, ingratiation, and reciprocity |
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Term
| what is the bystander effect |
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Definition
| the more people that witness an event, the less likely someone is to help. |
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Term
| 3 factors that lead to the bystander effect |
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Definition
1) Diffusion of responsibility
2) informational influence
3) evaluation apprehension |
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Term
| decision model of helping |
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Definition
1) notice the event
2) interpret as an emergency
3) assume responsibility
4) know how to help
5) decide to help |
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