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A specialized cell in the nervous system that accumulates and transmits information.
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The branched out part of a neuron that receives impulses and conducts them toward the cell body.
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The Cell Body. The portion of the neuron containing the metabolic machinery that keeps the cell alive and functional.
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The part of a neuron that transmits impulses to glands, muscles, or other neurons.
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Nerves that carry messages outward from central nervous system.
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Nerves that carry messages inward toward the central nervous system.
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Neurons that are neither afferent nor efferent, but instead carry information from one neuron to another.
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A type of cell in the nervous system long believed to provide a "support" function for neurons; recent research indicates that glia provide many other functions as well.
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A fatty substance that makes up some types of glial cells; these cells wrap around the axon of some neurons, providing an insulating "myelin sheath" around these neurons.
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The small gap between two adjacent neurons, consistent of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons membranes and the space between them.
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Specialized membranes that surround blood vessels within the brain and filter harmful chemicals out of the brain's blood supply.
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The voltage difference between the inside and the outside of a neuronal membrane when the neuron is not firing.
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The cell starts out negative on the inside and positive on the outside. Sodium ions rush inside when sodium channels open, creating a positive charge inside and negative outside. Then Sodium channels close and Potassium channels open, letting potassium rush out of the cell. The cell becomes negative on the inside and positive on the outside again. Ion pumps move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCasruJT-DU
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A brief change in the electrical charge of a neuronal membrane; the physical basis of the signal that travels the length of the neuron.
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In the nervous system, to lose the charge that normally exists across the neural membrane.
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| The law that all action potentials have the same strength and speed regardless of the triggering stimulus. |
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Chemicals released by one neuron (usually the presynaptic neuron), which trigger a response in another neuron (usually the postsynaptic neuron); the chief means of communication among neurons.
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| Drugs that enhance a neurotransmitter's activity. Increase the release of neurotransmitters (amphetamine). Counteract the enzymes that break down the transmitter. Block the reuptake of neurotransmitters (Prozac and cocaine). Mimic neurotransmitters (nicotine). |
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| Drugs that impede the activity of a neurotransmitter. Black the release of neurotransmitters (AMPT). Destroy neurotransmitters in synapse. Mimic a neurotransmitter and block postsynaptic receptors (propranol and haldol). |
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Released at many synapses and at the junction between nerves and muscles; the release of ACh makes the muscle fibers contract.
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| (5HT, after is formula 5-hydroxy-tryptamine) Involved in the many mechanisms of sleep, mood, and arousal. |
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| Influences movement, motivation, emotion. |
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| The neuron that sends the message. ("Before the synapse) |
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| The neuron that receives the signal. (After the synapse) |
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| Computerized Axial Tomography |
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| CAT or CT scan. A technique for examining brain structure by constructing a composite of X-ray images taken from many different angles. |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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| MRI scan. A neuroimaging technique that documents the effects of strong magnetic pulses on the molecules that make up brain tissue. A computer then assembles this into a picture of brain structure. |
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| Position Emission Tomography |
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| PET scan. A technique for examining brain function by observing the amount of metabolic activity in different brain regions. |
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| EEG. More precise information about timing, but it doesn't tell us exactly where in the brain the activity is taking place. |
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The division of peripheral nervous system that receives information from and controls the internal organs.
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The division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that mobilizes the organism for physical exertion.
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