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| A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
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| An approach to psychology that, depending on the client's problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
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| A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. |
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| Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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| Psychoanalytic Theory: the part of the personality which maintains a balance between our impulses (Id) and our conscience (superego) |
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| The thinking in the preoperational stage of cognitive development where children believe everyone sees the world from the same perspective as he/ she does |
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| Psychoanalytic thought: the ideal desired behavior of the ego according to the superego |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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| A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. |
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that swept across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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| A cognitive psychologist who the concept of Rational-Emotive Therapy |
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| The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
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| Feelings about a situation, person, or objects that involve changes in physiological arousal and cognitions |
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| Emotional Intelligence (EQ) |
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| The awareness of an ability to manage one's emotions in healthy and productive manner |
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| A test (such as the 8 MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. |
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| The view that a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. |
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| The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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| Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. |
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| Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. |
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| A neurotransmitter involved in energy and glucose metabolism. Too little has been linked to depression. |
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| Subcategory of declarative memory where information regarding life events are stored |
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| A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
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| Characteristic of a scale of measurement where the individual units possess the qualities of equal intervals. The difference between the unit of measurement is exactly the same |
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| The theory that argues a couple must see each other as contributing and benefiting quality to the relationship for them both to feel comfortable in the relationship |
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| The amount of other variables (aside from what you are measuring) that can impact the observed score |
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| The level of accepted error within a given set of data. The greater the error level, the wider the confidence level. |
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| Operant conditioning based on the idea that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if it results in the cessation of a negative event |
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| An idea about the characteristic of a population based on sample data (ex: the sample mean IQ was 102 so we estimate the population mean IQ is also 102) |
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| A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. |
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| A correlation technique used primarily for non-linear relationships |
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| Causal relationships of diseases; theories regarding how the specific disease or disorder began |
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| The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. Natural selection has favored genes that designed both behavioral tendencies and information-processing systems that solved adaptive problems face by our ancestors, thus contributing the survival and spread of their genes |
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| In research, the group of subjects who receive the independent variable |
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| Research method using random assignment of subjects and the manipulation of variables in order to determine cause and effect |
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| Errors in a research study due to the predisposed notions or beliefs of the experimenter |
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| Power derived through advanced knowledge or experience in a particular subject |
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| Ex-post-facts(after the fact) research |
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| Research method in which the independent variable is administered prior to the study without the researcher's control and its effects are investigated afterwards |
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| Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory) |
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| Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. |
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| External locus of control |
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| The belief that the environment has more control over life circumstances than the individual does |
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| The extent to which the data collected from a sample can be generalized to the entire population |
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| The reduction and eventual disappearance of a learned or conditioned response after it is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus response chain |
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| Extrasensory perception (ESP) |
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| The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. |
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| Personality style where the individual prefers outward and group activity as opposed to inward and individual activity |
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| A statistical technique used to determine the number of components in a set of data. These components are then named according to their characteristics allowing a researcher to break down information into statistical groups |
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| An analysis of variance used when there are two or more independent variables. When there are two, the ANOVA is called a Two-Way ANOVA, three independents would use three-way ANOVA, etc.. |
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| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. |
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| Treatment involving family members which seeks to change the unhealthy familial patterns and interactions |
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| A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina. |
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| Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. |
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| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon |
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| People's tendency to be helpful when already in good mood. |
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| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. |
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| A condition in which arousal and/or gratification is attained through inanimate objects, or non-sexual body parts. Is considered a problem when the object is needed in order to obtain arousal or gratification and the individual cannot complete a sexual act without this object present |
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| The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |
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| The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. |
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| The inability to see a problem from a new perspective. |
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| A schedule in which reinforcement is presented after a specific period of time |
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| A schedule in which the reinforcement is presented after a specific number of responses |
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| A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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| A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills. |
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| Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon |
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| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
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| The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. |
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Twins who develop from separate eggs.
They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. |
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| A table showing the number of occurrences for each score |
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| The phenomenon in memory which states that we tend to remember information better if it is repeated |
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| Often referred to as the father of clinical psychology. His extensive theory of personality development (psychoanalytic theory) is the cornerstone for modern psychological thought and consists of 1) the psychosexual stages of development, 2) the structural model of personality (Id, Ego, Superego), and 3) levels of consciousness (conscious, subconscious, and unconscious) |
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| Pavlov's fourth and final stage of cognitive development where thinking becomes more abstract |
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| Presenting information either positively or negatively in order to change the influence it has on an individual or group |
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| The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulse behavior |
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| The feelings, thoughts, and behaviors associated with not achieving a particular goal or the belief that a goal has been prematurely interrupted |
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| The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions. |
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| The school of thought popular in the 19th century emphasizing conscious experiences as a precursor to behavior |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| The tendency to over-estimate the internal attributes of another person's actions |
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| GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid) |
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| A neurotransmitter involved in the inhibition of anxiety and excitation. Too little GABA has been linked to anxiety disorders |
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| The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. |
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| General Intelligence. Typically compared to 's' which represents specific intelligences. G is the culmination of all possible 's's'. |
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| The accepted behaviors, thoughts, and emotions of a specific gender based upon the views of particular society or culture |
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| The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly. |
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| The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender |
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| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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| Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages- alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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| An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomics nervous system arousal. |
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| The tendency to associate stimuli, and therefore respond similarly to, due to their closeness or some variable such as size, shape, color, or meaning |
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| The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes. |
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| Freud's final stage of psychosexual development where healthy sexual development is defined as attraction to a same aged, opposite sexed peer |
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| The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. |
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| Treatment focusing on the awareness and understanding of one's feelings |
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| Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect nerves. |
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| The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
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| In language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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| Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
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| Grouped frequency distribution |
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| A table showing the number of occurrences for a grouping of scores. Used a lot in education settings where a score of 90 to 100 may be grouped as an A, 80 to 90 as a B, etc. |
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| The tendency for member of a cohesive group to make more extreme decisions due to the lack of opposing views |
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| Psychotherapy conducted with at least three or four non-related individuals who are similar in some area, such as gender, age, mental illness, or presenting problem |
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| The tendency for members of a cohesive group to reach decisions without weighing all facts, especially those contradicting the majority opinion |
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