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Alffed Adler 1870-1937

practice and  theory of individual psychology-

said people are focused on being in control of their lives. The desire we have to full fill our goals brings us closer to our ideals. 

(self actualization)

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John B. Watson (1878-1958)

behaviorism-

conditioning, believed psychology was purely objective natural science that doesn't require introspection. (little albert experiment)

He said envirionment is the number  on factor of development. 

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Sir Fancis Galton

Theory of human intellignece-

He belived superior mental and behavioral capacities, as well as physical health, are an advantage not only to an individual but for the well-being of society as a whole. He used twins to study nature versus nurture. 

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Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Theory of neurosis-

neurosis came from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships.

People have a pathelogical need to be liked by other people . ten neurotic needs- 1.neurotic need for affection or approval

2. need for partner who will take over ones life

3.  need to restict one's life within narrow borders

4. neurotic need for power

5. neurotic need to exploit others

6. neurotic need for prestige

7. neurotic need for personal admiration

8. neurotic need for self- sufficiency and independence

10. neurotic need for perfection and unassailability

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Jean piaget 1896-1980

Piaget's developmental theory-

1. schemas

2. adaptation that enable transition from stage to stage

3.stages of development- sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal opreational

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Anna Freud 1895-1982

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Abraham Maslow 1908-1970

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Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

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Carl Jung 1875-1961

collective unconcious-

• psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent basic human behavior and situations- i.e. mother, child relationships is governed by the mother archetype and father, child by father
• self- archetype of the center of psychic person and his wholeness
• the collective unconcious is a universal datum and every human is endowed with this psychic archetpe since birth

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Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850-1909

memory and illusion-

• tested memory using nonsense syllables
• maintenance rehersal and acoustic encoding should be applied for effective learning

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William James 1842-1910

theory of emotion-

•  we don't smile because we feel happy or cry because we feel sad. The physical reaction happens first, the philosopher said, and it's more correct to say we feel happy because we smile, or we feel sad because we cry.

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G. Stanley Hall 1844-1924

Theory of recapitulation-

• This theory explains that each person goes through changes in both the psychic and somatic senses which follow the evolution scale of the mind and body. 

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Edward Thorndike 1874-1949

operant conditoning-

• perant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of our behavior.

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Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936

classical conditioning-

• reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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BF Skinner 1904-1990

operant conditoning-

• based on Thorndike's work. Belived in positive and negative reinforcments. 

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Erik Erikson 1902-1992

psychosocial development-

• similar to freud but his theory describes social experience across the whole life span. 

1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

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Carl Rogers 1902-1987

self actualization-

"The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism”

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Charles Darwin 1809-1882

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Sigmund Freud 1856-1939

psychoanalytic theory-

1. The concious mind
2. the preconscious mind
3. the unconcious mind
4. freudian slip 

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Edward Titchener 1867-1927

structuralism-

believed that all thoughts can be broken down to basic elements, specifically, sensations. Titchener would say that when you identified the object, you put together memories of sensations from your past (color, shape, texture, smell, and taste) and hence you deduced the object was an apple.

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Mary Whiton Calkins 1863-1930

theory of self psychology-

Calkins thought there were three different "basal" theories relating to the psychology of the self: "that of the self, that of the object, and that of the self's relation or attitude toward its object"

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Margaret Floy Washburn 1871-1939

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Gordon Allport 1897- 1967

trait personality theory-

ocused on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits forms a personality that is unique to each individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.

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Gustav Fechner 1801-1887

psychophysics-

the mind and body - though they seem to be two entirely separate entities - are in fact two separate sides of the same reality.

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Max Wertheimer 1880-1943

learning theory and productive thinking-

Features of the productive thinking process included 
1. Grouping and reorganizing components of a situation 
2. Functioning in relation to characteristics of the whole rather than piecemeal 
3. Avoids summing successions of parts or chance occurrences 
4. Structural truth leads to sensible expectations and assumptions. 
In Wertheimer's model, genuine thinking starts with a problem. The structural features and requirements of the problem cause tension, the strain of which produces vectors that prompt the individual to modify the situation in an improved direction. The process of resolving a problem is to proceed from a bad gestalt to a better one. 

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Roger Sperry 1913-1994

left brain vs. right brain dominance-

The Right Brain

According to the left-brain, right-brain dominance theory, the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks. Some of the abilities that are popularly associated with the right side of the brain include:

• Recognizing faces
• Expressing emotions
• Music
• Reading emotions
• Color
• Images
• Intuition
• Creativity

The Left Brain

The left-side of the brain is considered to be adept at tasks that involve logic, language and analytical thinking. The left-brain is often described as being better at:

• Language
• Logic
• Critical thinking
• Numbers
• Reasoning

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Edward Tolman 1886-1959

cognitive theory of learning-

thought of learning as developing from bits of knowledge and cognitions about the environment and how the organism relates to it

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Lawrence Kohlberg 1927-1987

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Carol Gilligan 1936-

theory of life development-

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1857-1911