Term
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Definition
| Environmental agents that harm an embryo or fetus (drugs, alcohol, etc). |
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Term
| Cultures & Developmental Milestones |
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Definition
| Different patterns of infant care can cause changes in timing of developmental milestones. For example, Western infants spend more time in playpens and cribs than African infants, who are often strapped to their mothers' backs all day, causing them to practice holding their heads up much sooner than Western infants. |
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| Effects of Severe Neglect |
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Definition
| Higher risks of health issues, including strokes, heart disease, cancer, and sleep disorders. They can also experience PTSD, violent behavior, anxiety, school failure, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation/suicide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory is that children go through 4 stages of development which reflect different ways of thinking about the world. Stage 1 is Sensorimotor (birth-2 years): A child acts intentionally and differentiates self from objects. Forms an understanding of object permanence. Stage 2 is Preoperational (2-7 years): A child learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words. They have egocentric thinking and classify objects by a single feature. Stage 3 is Concrete Operational (7-12 years): A child begins to think logically about objects and events. They can classify objects by several features. They begin to understand conservation of mass, number, and weight. Stage 4 is Formal Operational (12 years + up): They can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically. They become concerned with hypothetical, future, and ideological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the tendency for preoperational thinkers to view the world through their own experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The beginning of logical thinking. With conservation, a child can determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size. |
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Definition
| With regards to gender roles, children develop expectations about gender through observing their parents, peers, teachers, and media. Certain cultures approve of (or disapprove of) gender-specific behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs on the spinal cord during the first trimester of pregnancy and on the neurons during the second trimester. It is the brain's way of insulating nerve fibers. It speeds up the transmission of electrical signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infant rhesus monkeys were placed with 2 surrogate "mothers"; one was a wire that gave milk through an attached bottle, the other was made of terrycloth and could not give milk. The monkeys clung to the cloth "mother" most of the day. They only approached the wire one when they were hungry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specifically with birds; they attached themselves to an adult (that may or may not be their mother) within 18 hours of hatching and follow them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which we place new information into an existing schema. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which we create a new schema or drastically alter an existing schema to include new information that otherwise wouldn't fit. |
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Term
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Definition
| The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen. |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Theory of Morality |
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Definition
| There are 3 levels of moral reasoning. 1. Preconventional level: The earliest level, which includes self-interest and outcomes determine what is moral. 2. Conventional level, the middle stage, which includes strict adherence to societal rules and the approval of others determines what is moral. 3. Postconventional level, the highest stage in which decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life. |
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Term
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Definition
James-Lange: Bodily perception comes before the feeling of emotion.
Cannon-Bard: Emotional and physical reactions happen together.
Schacter-Singer Two-Factor: A person experiences physiological changes, applies a cognitive label to explain those changes, and translates that label into an emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Like flashbulb memory; the more arousing the situation, the better the overall memory of it is, but the smaller the amount of minute details remembered is. |
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Term
| Facial Expressions + emotion |
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Definition
| They communicate how we are feeling and we interpret other people's expressions to predict their behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of biological or social deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need. |
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Term
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Definition
| External objects or goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium. |
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Term
| Effects of arousal on performance |
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Definition
| According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, performance increases with arousal until an optimal point. After that point, arousal interferes with performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that affects the body physically (hunger, thirst, exhaustion). |
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Term
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Definition
| Any need that doesn't have a physiological basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The expectancy that your efforts will lead to success. Helps mobilize energies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The desire to do well relative to standards of excellence. |
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Term
| social isolation + health |
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Definition
| Being socially isolated can lead to health issues. Example: A terminally ill patient who doesn't receive visitors is likely to die sooner than a terminally ill patient who does receive visitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improvement in health following treatment with a placebo (a drug or treatment with no physiological effect). |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress of positive events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress of negative events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes or disruptions that strain central areas of people's lives. Especially stressful and with prolonged exposure can cause health issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The instinct to either fight against or run away from a perceived threat. More common in men. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to protect offspring and form social alliances in the face of danger. More common in females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Over long periods of time, health is negatively affected by stress. It can cause increased blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and sexual issues. Coping with severe stress can lead to substance abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionarily adaptive, shared across cultures, and associated with specific physical states; they include anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, and possibly surprise and contempt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blends of primary emotions; include remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological activation (such as increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses (such as increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension). |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors that energize, direct, or sustain behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maslow's arrangement of needs in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state that is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspirations have been attained. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that people are seldom aware of their specific motives. Instead, they draw inferences about their motives according to what seems to make the most sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A four-stage pattern of physiological and psychological responses during sexual activity. 1. Excitement phase: increase in blood flow to genitals, feelings of arousal. 2. Plateau phase: increase in pulse, breathing, and blood pressure. 3. Orgasm phase: involuntary muscle contractions, increase in breathing and heart rate, contractions of vagina and ejaculation of semen. 4. Resolution phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that maintains that women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies because they faced different adaptive problems over the course of human history. The strategies used by each sex maximize the probability of passing along their genes to future generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus. |
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Term
| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis |
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Definition
| The biological system responsible for the stress response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that is important for mothers in bonding to newborns and may encourage affiliation during social stress. |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| A consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant. |
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