at about six months, infants add consonants sounds to the vowels to make a babbling sound, which at times can almost sound like real speech. Deaf children actually decrease their babbling after six months while increasing their use of primitive hand signs and gestures

field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account.

The effects of being born and raised in a particular time or situation where all other members of your group have similar experiences that make your group unique from other groups

research design in which several different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time

Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.

the inability to see the world through anyone else eyes. The thinking in the preoperational stage of cognitive development where children believe everyone sees the world from the same perspective as he or she does.

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are.

Sigmund Freud’s terminology of sexual energy or sexual drive

research design in which a participant or a group of participants is study over a long period of time.

the sensation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman’s reproductive capability.

is one of the most frequently used personality tests in mental health. The test is used by trained professionals to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology.

identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separates masses of cell, each of which develops into a separate embryo.

Nature: the influence of our inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions.

Nurture: the influence on the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth and social interactions.

the knowledge that an object exists even when is not sight.

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm.

principal by which the id functions’ immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak.

principle by which the ego functions, the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene.

Reciprocal determinism

 According to Albert Bandura, a person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors and the environment. Bandura suggests that a person's behavior can be conditioned through the operant conditioning (use of consequences like reward and punishment); he also believes that a person's behavior can impact the environment. So it is not just that you are influenced by your environment, but that you also influence the environment around you--each impacts the other.

 projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.

Scaffolding

 process in which a more skilled learner gives help to less skilled learners, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learned becomes more capable.

part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

 consist in 20 pictures, all in black and white, that are shown to a client. The client then is asking to tell a story about the person or person I the picture. Ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

Telegraphic speech

around a year and half, toddler begin to string words together to form short, simple sentences using nouns,  verbs, and adjectives, “baby eats” :mommy go” doggie go bye” are examples of telegraphic speech. Only the words that carry the meaning of the sentence are used.

any factor that can cause a birth defect.

 Vygosky’s concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with help of a teacher.

cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm.

one of the first ways in which infants demonstrate that they have different personalities (long-lasting characteristics that makes each person different from another person) the behavior and emotional characteristics that are fairly well establish at birth. Researchers have been able to identify three basic temperament styles of infants: easy; babies are regular in their schedules of walking, sleeping, and eating and are adaptable to change. Very happy baby and when distressed are easy soothed. Difficult; are almost the appositive of easy babies and tend to be irregular in their schedules and are very unhappy about changes of any kind. They are loud, active, and tend to be crabby rather than happy. Slow to warm; this kind of temperament is associated with infants, who are less grumpy, quieter, and more regular than difficult children but who are slow to adapt to chance. If chance is introduces gradually, these “warm up” to new people and new situations.