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| the awareness of properties of an object or an event that occurs when a type of receptor(such as those at the back of the eye, in the ear, on the skin) is stimulated. |
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| the act of organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling a particular object or event |
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| the study of the relation between physical events and the corresponding experience of those events |
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| the point at which stimulation is strong enough to be noticed |
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| the smallest amount of a stimulus needed in order to detect that the stimulus is present |
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| just-noticeable difference (JND) |
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| the size of the difference in a stimulus property needed for the observer to notice that a change has occurred |
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| a theory explaining why people detect signals independently of bias; the theory is based on the idea that signals are always embedded in noise and thus the challenge is to distinguish signal from noise |
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| in signal detection theory, the threshold level for distinguishing between a stimulus and noise; the lower the threshold, the greater the sensitivity |
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| in signal detection theory, a person's willingness to report noticing a stimulus |
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| the height of the peaks in a light wave |
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| the number of waves per second that move past a given point |
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| the distance between the arrival of peaks of a light wave (measure in nanometers) shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies. |
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| the process whereby physical energy in converted by a sensory neuron into neural impulses |
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| the opening of the eye through which light passes |
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| the circular muscle that adjust the size of the pupil |
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| the transparent covering over the eye, which serves partly to focus the light onto the back of the eye |
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| occurs when the muscles adjust the shape of the lends so that it focuses light on the retina from objects at different distances |
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| a sheet of tissue at the back of the eye containing celles that convert light to neural impulses |
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| the small, central region of the retina with the highest density of cones and the highest resolution |
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| rod shaped retinal centers that are very sensitive to light but register only shades of gray. (100-120 thousand) |
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| cone-shaped retinal centers that respond most strongly to one of three wavelengths of light; the combined outputs from cones that are most sensitive to different wavelengths play a key role in producing color vision |
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| the large bundle of nerve fibers carrying impulses from the retina into the brain. |
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| the process whereby exposure to darkness causes the eyes to become more sensitive, allowing for better vision in the dark |
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| trichromatic theory of color vision |
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| the theory that color arises from the combination of neural impulses from three different kinds of sensors, each of which responds maximally to a different wavelength. |
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| opponent process theory of color vision |
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| the theory that if a color is present, it causes cells that register it to inhibit the perception of the complementary color (such as red versus green) |
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| the image left behind by a previous perception |
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| cells that pit the colors in a pair, most notably blue/yellow or red/green against eachother |
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| an inability either acquired(by brain damage) or inherited to perceive certain hues. |
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| in perception a set of characteristics(such as shape, color, texture) that corresponds to an object |
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| in perception, the background which must be distinguished in order to pick out figures |
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| gestalt lawas of organization |
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Definition
proximity: marks that are near one another tend to be grouped together.
continuity: marks that fall along a smooth curve or a straight line tend to be grouped together
similarity: marks that look alike tend to be grouped together
closure: we tend to close any gaps in a figure
good form: marks that form a single shape tend to be grouped together |
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| the perception of characteristics that occurs when an object or quality (such as shape or color) looks the same even thought the sensory information striking the eye changes |
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| seeing an object as being the same siz when viewed at different distances |
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| seeing objects as having the same shape even when the image on the retina changes |
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| seeing objects as having the same color in different viewing situations |
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| cues to the distance of an object arise from both eyes working together |
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| the degree to which the eyes are crossed when a person fixated on an object |
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| the difference between the images striking the retinas of two eyes |
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| information that specifies the distance of an object that can be picked up with one eye without movement of the object or eye |
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| progressive change in texture that signals distance |
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| information that specifies the distance of an object on the basis of its movement |
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| processing that is initiated by stimulus input |
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| processing that is guided by knowledge, expectation, or belief |
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| the sum of your assumptions and beliefs that lead you to expect to perceive certain object or characteristics in particular contexts |
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| the act of focusing on particular information, which allows it to be processed more fully that what is not attended to |
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| the process of picking out a particular quality, oject, or event for relatively detailed analysis |
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| phenomenon that occurs when a stimulus different from the ones around it is immediately evident |
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| the inability to see the second occurence of a stimulus that appears teice in succession |
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| a rebound period in which a person cannot pay attention to one thing after having just paid attention to another |
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| how high or low a sound seems; higher frequencies of pressure waves produce the experience of higher pitches |
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| the strength of a sound; pressure waves with greater amplitude produce the experience of louder sound |
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| a measure of loudness on a base-10 logarithmis scale; the threshold for hearing is set at 0dB |
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Definition
| a measure of loudness on a base-10 logarithmis scale; the threshold for hearing is set at 0dB |
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| the cells with stiff hairs along the basilar membrane of the inner ear that, when moved, produce nerve impulses that are sent to the brain; these cells are the auditory equivalent of rods and cones |
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| the theory that higher frequencies produce higher rates of neural firing |
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| the theory that different frequencies activate different places along the basilar membrane |
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| a type of deafness that typically occurs when the hair cells are destroyed by loud sounds |
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| a type of deafness caused by a physical impariament of the external or middle ear. |
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| speech segmentation problem |
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| the problem of organizing a continuous stream of speech into separate parts that correspond to individual words |
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| identifying sounds as belonging to distinct categories that correspond to the basic units of speech |
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| cocktail party phenomenon |
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| the effect of not being aware of other people's conversations until your name is mentioned and then suddenly hearing it. |
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| a procedure in which the participants hear stimuli presented separately to the two ears (through headphones) and are instructed to listen only to sounds presented to one ear |
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| taste and smell, which rely on sensing the presence of specific chemicals |
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| chemicals that function like hormones but are released outside the body (in urine and sweat) |
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| microscopic structures on the bumps of the tongue surface, at the back of the throat, and inside the cheeks; different types of taste buds are sensitive to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes and to glutamate |
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| the fifth tastes. stimulated by the most abundant amino acid, glutamate. |
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| senses that have to do with perceiving the body and its position in space--specifically kinesthetic sense, vestibular sense, touch, temperature sensitivity, pain sense, and possibly magnetic sense. |
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| the sense that registers the movement and position of the limbs |
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| the sense that provides information about the body's orientation relative to gravity. |
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| the sensation of cold that occurs when certain nerves in the skin are stimulated by something hot |
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| the sensation that occurs when an injury first causes a sharp pain, and later a dull pain; the two kinds of pain arise from different fibers sending their messages at different speeds. |
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| painkilling chemicals that are produced naturally in the brain. |
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| a medically inactive inactive substance that is presented as though it has medicinal effects |
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| The top-down inhibition of interneurons that regulate the input of pain signals to the brain. |
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| the ability to perceive and know things without using the ordinary senses |
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