• Abnormal or impaired development in social interactions.
  • hiding to avoid people
  • not making eye contact
  • not wanting to be touched
• Difficulties in communicating
  • developing spoken language
  • initiating conversations
• Having very few activities and interests
• Spending long periods repeating the same behaviors
  • hand flapping
• Following the same rituals.

A combination of:

• physiological
• emotional
• cognitive

components caused by stress in taking exams. May interfere with one's

• concentration
• planning
• academic performance

The systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.

Observable actions or responses in both humans and animals to include:

• eating
• speaking
• laughing
• running
• reading
• sleeping

Not directly observable. Includes a wide range of complex mental processes such as

• thinking
• imagining
• studying
• dreaming

1. Describe the different ways that organisms behave.
2. Explain the causes of behavior.
3. Predict how organisms will behave in certain situations.
4. Control an organism's behavior.

Refers to a focus or perspective which may use a particular research method or technique.

1. Biological approach
2. Cognitive approach
3. behavioral approach
4. Psychoanalytic approach
5. Humanistic approach
6. Cross-cultural approach
7. Evolutionary approach

This approach focuses on how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence

• learning
• personality
• memory
• motivation
• emotions
• coping techniques

example: Donna unable to learn words because of a developmental problem with her brain.

It examines how we

• process
• store
• use 

information & how this information influences what we 

• attend to
• perceive
• learn
• remember
• believe
• feel

It studies how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environments reward or punish these behaviors.

Remember how Donna made it a rule not to leave soap bubbles in the sink.

Stresses the influence of

• unconscious fears
• desires
• motivations

on thoughts, behaviors, and the development of personality traits and psychological problems later in life.

example: split personalities

This approach emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in

• directing his or her future
• a large capacity for personal growth
• a considerable amount of intrinsic worth
• enormous potential for self-fulfillment