Term
| vulnerability-stress model |
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Definition
| a model that proposes each individual has some degree of vulnerability (ranging from very low to high) for developing a psychological disorder, given sufficient stress |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that is personally distressing, personally, dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive |
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Term
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Definition
| high levels of agreement among clinical judges in their diagnostic decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic categories have high validity when when they accuratekly capture the essential features of the various disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a defendant's state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| the presumed state of mind of the defendant at the time the crime was committed |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of tension and apprehension that is a natural response to perceived threat |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders characterized by anxiety responses of a frequency and intensity that are out of proportion to the situation that triggers them and that interferes with daily life |
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Term
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Definition
| strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations |
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Term
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Definition
| a fear of open or public places from which escape would be difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive fear of situations in which the person might be evaluated and possibly embarrassed |
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Term
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Definition
| phobias of particular things, such as fear of dogs, snakes, spiders, airplanes, elevators, enclosed spaces, water, injections, and germs |
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Term
| centralized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| a chronic (ongoing) state of diffuse, or free-floating, anxiety, that is not attached to specific situations or objects |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden, unpredictable, and intense bouts of anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses that invade our consciousness, are often abhorrent to the person, and are very difficult to dismiss or control |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive behavioral responses that can be resisted only with great difficulty |
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Term
posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) |
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Definition
| a severe anxiety disorder that can occur in people who have been exposed to traumatic life events |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety that occurs when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego's defenses and explode into consciousness or action |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders that occur only in certain locales |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders that involve physical complaints or disabilities that suggest a medical problem but that have no known biological cause and are not produced voluntarily by the person |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which people become unduly alarmed about any physical symptom they detect and are convinced that they have or are about to have a serous illness |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which people experience intense pain that either is out of proportion to whatever medical condition they might have or for which no physical basis can be found |
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Term
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Definition
| a somatoform in which serious neurological symptoms, such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness, suddenly occur |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder involving a breakdown of normal personality integration resulting in significant alterations in memory or identity |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by extensive but selective memory loss in response to a stressful event |
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Term
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Definition
| a profound dissociative disorder in which a person loses all sense of personal identity gives up his or her customary life, wanders to a new faraway location, and establishes a new identity |
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Term
dissociative identity disorder
(DID) |
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Definition
| (formerly called multiple personality disorder): A disorder in which two or more separate personalities coexist in the same person |
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Term
| trauma-dissociation theory |
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Definition
| a theory of dissociative identity disorder that proposes that new personalities occur in response to severe stress |
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Term
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Definition
| emotion-based disorders which include depression and mania (excessive excitement) |
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Term
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Definition
| an intense depressed state that leaves the person unable to function effectively in their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a less-intense form of depression that has less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning than major depression |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which depression (which usually the dominate state) alternates with periods of mania |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of highly excited mood and behavior that is quite the opposite of depression |
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Term
| depressive cognitive triad |
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Definition
| negative thoughts concerning the world, oneself, and the future |
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Term
| depressive attributed pattern |
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Definition
| a pattern of attributing successes or other positive events to factors outside the self and attributing negative outcomes to personal factors |
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Term
| learned helplessness theory |
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Definition
| a theory that holds depression occurs when people expect that ad events will occur and that there is nothing they can do to prevent them or cope with them |
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Term
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Definition
| the willful taking of one's own life |
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Term
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Definition
| severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| false believes that are sustained in the face of evidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them |
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Term
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Definition
| false perceptions that have compelling sense of reality |
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Term
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Definition
| a subtype of schizophrenia whose most prominent features are delusions of persecution in which people believe that others mean to harm them, and delusions of grandeur in which people believe they are enormously important |
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Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| a subtype of schizophrenia whose central features are confusion and incoherence together with severe deterioration of adaptive behavior, such as personal hygiene, social skills and self-care |
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Term
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Definition
| a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor disturbances ranging from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements |
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Term
| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| a category of schizophrenia assigned to people who exhibit some of the symptoms and thought disorders of other categories of schizophrenia but who do not meet enough of the specific criteria to be diagnosed in those categories |
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Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| bizarre behaviors, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech and thinking |
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Term
| negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| an absence of normal reactions such as a lack of emotional expression, loss of motivation, and an absence of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that the symptoms of schizophrenia - particularly positive symptoms - are produced by overactivity of the dopamine system in areas of the brain that regulate emotional expression, motivated behavior, and cognitive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism in which a person retreats to an earlier and more secure (even infantile) stage of psychosocial development in the face of overwhelming anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| family communication pattern that involves high levels of criticism ("all you can do is sit in front of that TV"), hostility ("we're getting sick and tired of your craziness"), and over involvement ("you're not going unless I go with you") |
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Term
| social causation hypothesis |
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Definition
| a hypothesis that attributes the higher prevalence of schizophrenia to the higher levels of stress that low-income people experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis that proposes that as people develop schizophrenia, their personal and occupational functioning deteriorates, so that they drift down the socioeconomic ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| a disporder in which the person exhibits stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling and behaving |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| a disorder in which the person seems to lack a conscience; the person exhibits little anxiety or guilt and tends to be impulsive and unable to delay gratification of needs |
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Term
borderline personality disorder
(BPD) |
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Definition
| a collection of symptoms characterized primarily by serious instability in behavior, emotion, identity, and interpersonal relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to integrate positive and negative aspects of another's behavior into a coherent whole |
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Term
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) |
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Definition
| a disorder in which problems may take the form of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, or a combination of the two |
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Term
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Definition
| a long-term disorder characterized by extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, and highly repetitive and rigid behavior patterns |
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