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| The science of behavior and mental processes, including a variety of overt actions such as walking, and gesturing, social interactions such as talking to someone, and emotional reactions such as laughing or frowning. |
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| Knowledge must be acquired through careful observation rather than logic or intuition. |
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| A collection of interrelated idea and observations that together describe, explain, and predict behvior and mental processes. (Empirical observation leads to theories; thus, empirical data and theories are basic to the science of psychology) |
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| The technique used in psychology to dicsover knowledge about human behavior and mental processes; it involved stating the problem, developing a hypothesis, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions and reporting results. |
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| A tentative statement or idea expressing a relationship between events or variables that is to be evaluated in a research study. |
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| A condition or characteristic of a situation or a person that is subject to change (varies) eithr within or across situations or individuals. |
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| The variable that the experimenter directly and purposly manipulates to see what changes occur as a result of the manipulation. |
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| The bahavior or response that is expected to change because of the manipulation of the independent variable. |
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| Individuals who take part in experiments and whose behavior is observed and recorded. |
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| (Treatment group) The group of participants who receive the new treatment. |
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| (The Comparison Group) The group of participants who are tested on depended variable in the same way as the experimental group but who do not receive new treatment. |
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| Descriptive Research Methods |
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| This type of research involves describing existing events rather than performing a manipulation of an independent variable and observing changes. |
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| Built on the basic concepts of structualism, this is the American school of psychological thought that tried to expolore not just the mind's strucures but how the mind functions and how this functioning is related to consciousness. |
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| The school of psychological thought that considered the structure of elements of immediate, conscious experience to be the proper subject matter in psychology. |
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| School of psychological thought argued that it is necessary to study a person's total exoerience, not just parts of the mind or behavior. |
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| Focus on describing and measuring only what is observable, either directly or through assessment instruments. |
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| A reaction to behaviorism and its emphasis on the mechanistic nature of behavior, advocates believe that behaviorism and dehumanized psychology, and argued that psychology should be rehumanized. |
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| Held that behaviorism was too restrictive in concentrating exclusively on overt behavior. Argued that thought and mantal processes are the essence of psychology; over-looking these essential elements misses the point of psychology. |
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| This approach emphasizes the positive values of optimism, joy, and virture. "Psychology is not just the study of patholgy, weakness, and damage; it is also the study of strength and virture" |
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| Traced to the work of Charles Darwin, the 19th-Century naturalist who proposed that adaptation and survival of the fittest are mechanisms that produce the evolution of species. |
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| A tendency of individuals to believe that their own ethnic culture group is the standard, the reference point against which other people and groups should be judged. |
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| Also work with people who have emotional or behavioral problems. (Originally helped people handle career planning and marriage, family, and parenting problems) |
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| Psysicians (holding MD degree) who have chosen to specialize in the treatment of mental or emotional disorders. |
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| The reason for the association of psychology, Freud, and couches. Most psychoanalyst are not psychologists, instead they are usually psychiatrist. |
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