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Definition
| ...a way of answering questions about behavior. |
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| Internal, subjective experiences. |
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| The study of behavior and society by analyzing, criticizing, and speculating. |
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| The study of behavior and society by using Empirical Methods. |
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| The study of nature by using Empirical Methods. |
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| The theory that knowledge lies in experience (via senses). |
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| A way of analyzing things by using intuition, or common sense (Hypothesizing). |
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| What type of science is Psychology? |
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Definition
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| The Process of Critical Thinking includes... |
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Definition
Examining assumptions
Looking at hidden values
Evaluating evidence
Assessing conclusions |
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Definition
| A way of going about proposing ideas and testing them through empirical principles. |
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| Psychology is a complicated science because... |
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Definition
| Human behavior is complex, ideas and feelings are difficult to measure, experiments can be unethical, and there are always biases. |
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| Where does psychology stem from? |
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Definition
| Philosophy, Biology, Medicine, Neurology, and Physics. |
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| Who was the first person to perform a psychological experiment and what was it? |
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Definition
| Wilhelm Wundt, bouncing a ball and seeing people's reaction time. |
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Definition
| Beliefs about what psychology should study and how it should be studied. |
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| The first two psychological schools were... |
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Definition
| Structuralism and Functionalism. |
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Definition
| What are the pieces of the mind? Examined using introspection. |
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Definition
| How do the pieces of the mind serve us? Examined using introspection and rationalism. |
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Definition
| The contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct. |
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Definition
| A way of studying behaviors or mental processes using genetics, learned fears & expectations, and the presence of others in our culture, society, family, ect. |
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Definition
| Asking the question what are the contributions of biology and experience to human thought and behavior? |
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Definition
| How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. |
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Definition
| How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes. |
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| School of Behavior Genetics |
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Definition
| How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences. |
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Definition
| How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. |
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Definition
| How we learn observable responses. |
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| How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. |
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| School of the Social-Cultural |
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Definition
| How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. |
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| Pure science that seeks to increase our knowledge. |
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| Science that seeks to help solve specific current problems. |
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Definition
| A basic researcher who studies the links between the brain, body and the mind. |
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| Developmental Psychologist |
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Definition
| A basic researcher that studies normal change and problems which relate to the growth and decline across the lifespan. |
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Definition
| A basic researcher that studies how we perceive, think, and problem solve. |
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| Personality Psychologists |
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Definition
| A basic researcher who studies individual differences across people. |
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Definition
| A basic researcher who studies how we view and affect one another. |
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| Industrial/Organizational Psychologists |
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Definition
| An applied researcher who studies the psychology of the workplace. |
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Definition
| An applied researcher who studies the psychology of education. |
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Definition
| An applied researcher who studies the psychology of adjustment and developmental changes. |
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Definition
| An applied researcher who studies the psychology of abnormal behavior and mental disorders. |
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| What are the Three Major Types of Research? |
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Definition
| Description, Correlation, and Experimentation. |
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Definition
| Basic observation and reporting; no attempt to explain behavior, link events, or show causation. |
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Definition
| Basic observation and reporting, with the addition of using statistical techniques to examine whether events, behaviors, etc are more likely to occur together. |
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Definition
| Observation of the results of manipulating one event to see a change in another event. |
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| What are always parts of research? |
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Definition
| Recording the behaviors of any organism in its natural environment without interference. |
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Term
| What are the advantages, disadvantages, and common uses of Naturalistic Observation? |
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Definition
Advantages: Little risk of contamination.
Disadvantages: Only the researcher's perspective, sometimes unethical.
Common Use: Social psych research-people's interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| One person (or group) is studied in depth. |
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Term
| What are the advantages, disadvantages and common uses of Case Studies? |
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Definition
Advantages: Very detailed.
Disadvantages: Strong possibility the case could be atypical.
Common uses: To study either highly typical or atypical cases, to suggest further hypotheses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to generalize to other people, groups, and situations. |
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Definition
| A small number of people are asked a structured set of questions. |
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Term
| What are the advantages, disadvantages and common uses of Qualitative Interviews? |
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Definition
Advantages: Similar depth to a case study but with some comparisons.
Disadvantage: Still limited in terms of generalizability.
Common Uses: To illustrate a phenomenon in depth, to allow participants to tell researchers, in their own words, what is happening to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large number of people are asked a structured set of questions with a set pattern of responses. |
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Term
| What are the advantages, disadvantages and common uses of Surveys? |
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Definition
Advantages: Much better generalizability.
Disadvantages: Not a lot of depth, easy for people's responses to be manipulated, participants aren't able to explain themselves.
Common Uses: To make broad statements about all people or large groups of people, to collect information to look at statistically. |
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Definition
| Selecting participants from a population (target group of people) to study. |
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Definition
| Examining basic patterns of relationships between different variables (co-relation). |
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Term
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Definition
| Any factor being studied. |
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Definition
| Statistical result which tells us about the relationship between two variables ranging from (-1.00) to (+1.00). |
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Term
| What are the advantages, disadvantages and most common uses of Correlation? |
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Definition
Advantages: Understand patterns of relationships, confirm or disconfirm perceived relationships, predict one variable through knowing another.
Disadvantages: Correlation does not equal causation.
Common Uses: To look at relationships between variables that we cannot manipulate to see causation. |
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Definition
| Laboratory study which manipulates one or more variables to see the effect on others. |
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Term
| Independent Variable (IV) |
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Definition
| The variable which is manipulated. |
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Definition
| The variable we expect the IV to affect. |
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Definition
| Part of the study where participants receive some sort of intervention or treatment. |
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Definition
| Part of the study where participants do not receive the intervention (or a placebo). |
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Definition
| Change in the dependent variable which occurs in the control condition. |
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Term
| What are the Major Research Ethics? (5) |
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Definition
| Informed Consent, Voluntary Participation, Maximization of Benefit (Justifiable Benefit), Minimization of risk (Least Harmful Study), Ratio of Benefit to Rish (The more benefit, the more risk). |
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Term
| Biological Psychology (Biopsychology) |
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Definition
| The branch of psychology concerned with the link between the brain and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's information and Communication system built from neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Billions of interconnected nerve cells that make up the nervous system and communicate electrochemically. |
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Definition
| Life support center of the cell. |
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Definition
| Receiving end of the neuron that intercepts messages from other neurons or sensory receptors, depending on what type of neuron. |
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Definition
| Part of the transmitting end of the neuron which transmits electrical impulses out the neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulation layer of fatty tissue on some axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of axon near cell body which contains channels letting ions in and out of the cell. |
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Term
| Step 1 of Neuron Communication |
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Definition
| First neuron releases neurotransmitters from its terminal branches across the synaptic gap. |
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Term
| Step 2 of Neuron Communication |
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Definition
| Receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron receive the neurotransmitters, restarting the communication in the next neuron. (The right neurotransmitter must enter the right receptor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron. |
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Term
| What charge are neurons and what elements do they contain? |
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Definition
| Negatively charged, containing protein (A-) and Ion Potassium (K+) |
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Term
| What charge is the neuron at rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Ions are found outside the neuron? |
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Definition
| Sodium (NA+), Calcium (Ca2+), and some Chloride (Cl-). |
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Term
| How do neurons become more positively charged and why is it important? |
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Definition
| They receive more Sodium and the cell reaches +40mV. It's important so that the neuron can relay a message. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrical firing which will travel down the axon and cause the terminal branches to release neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time in which the neuron balances back to -65mV so that it can fire again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention and emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. |
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Term
| GABA (gammaanimobutyric acid) |
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Definition
| A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that is very excitatory; involved in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of neurotransmitters released in response to pain (including vigorous exercise) that act as painkillers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules similar enough to a neurotransmitter to mimic its effects. (May also block reuptake allowing more of the real neurotransmitter to stay around). |
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Definition
| An agonist that acts as an endorphin. |
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Term
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Definition
| An agonist that acts as a reuptake inhibitor for serotonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical warfare agent which is an ACh agonist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of a neuron that acts as a junction to other cells. |
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Definition
| Connection of terminal branches to other dendrites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind with the receptor (getting in the way so the connection doesn't work). |
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Term
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Definition
| ACh antagonist that creates paralysis (botox). |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| Links CNS to muscles, sense receptors, glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Connect to sense receptors and body tissue. |
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Definition
| Primary part of the CNS, receives messages from sensory neurons, sends messages to motor neurons. |
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Definition
| Relay commands from interneurons to body's tissue. |
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Definition
| A subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System (voluntary control). |
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Definition
| Subsystem of the Peripheral Nervous System (involuntary control, such as glands and internal organs). |
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Term
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Definition
| A subsystem of the subsystem Autonomic Nervous System that controls arousal. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Subsystem |
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Definition
| A subsystem of the subsystem Autonomic Nervous System that controls calming. |
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Definition
| Body's "slow" communication skills (glands, bloodstream). It is responsible for the growth and maintenance of the body, communicating through hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain region responsible for body’s maintenance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The master gland that controls growth and sends signals to begin sexual development. |
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Definition
| Gland controlling metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Gland controlling blood sugar level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands controlling the reproductive organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands controlling the reaction to threat or stressors. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Signals the inner part of the adrenal gland. (check Mod 41) |
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Term
| Pituitary Glands signal... |
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Definition
| the outer part of the adrenal gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| continues to deplete the immune system, disrupt the sleep cycle, and starts to impair memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vigorous exercise, stretching, listening to music, breathing exercises, positive reframing, positive social interaction, sex. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Experimentally destroying brain tissue to study animal behavior. |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| Recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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Term
| PET (positron emission tomography) Scan |
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Definition
| Records radiation waves in brain activity. |
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Term
| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) |
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Definition
| Magnetic fields and radio waves produce computer generated images distinguishing tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oldest part of the brain beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. |
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Definition
| Controls heartbeat and breathing. (bottom stem) |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps control arousal (middle ball) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory Processing (top ball). |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. (back underpart of the brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional regulation (lower middle of the brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the limbic system, controls memory and spatial navigation (blue, bottom of the penis-like thing). |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the limbic system, controls fear and anger (tip of the penis). |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the limbic system which directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and emotions. (Middle earlike part). |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's ultimate control and information processing center, the outermost layer of the brain. |
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Term
| How many hemispheres does a brain have? What are they called? What connects them? |
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Definition
| Two, left and right, the corpus callosum. |
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Term
| How many lobes does a hemisphere have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Attention, long term memories, planning, problem solving, motivation, emotion, norms. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Condition marked by the inability to produce language. |
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Term
| History of the Frontal Lobotomy |
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Definition
| Believed that severing the frontal lobe from the limbic system would cure mental illness, 1890, Switzerland, Gottlieb Burckhardt, reintroduced to US in 1930s by Walter Freeman. |
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Term
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Definition
| Top rear of the head, integration of sensory information, important to vision and spatial relations, linked to math and writing, disturbance can cause stroke. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower back of brain, visual processing sign, color, movement, hallucinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| At temples behind ear, auditory processing, hearing. Wernecke's Area- Language, comprehension, Wernecke's aphasia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives info from skin surface and sense organs, left hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| area at the rear of the frontal lobes controlling voluntary movement, right hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weighing the influence of genetics on our behaviors and more complex psychological traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Threadlike structures made up of DNA. |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| Each chromosome is made up of these tightly would complex structures which is the code. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small segments of DNA which act as the guidebook or blueprint for our development. 46 in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shared sequence of genes for a species, the entire set of instructions carried in DNA to create an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| 99.9% identical to each other, 96% to chimps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Start as one zygote but split into two organisms, genes are identical. |
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Term
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Definition
| Start as two eggs fertilized by 2 sperm, genes are independent. |
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Term
| Can environment change the influence of genetics? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying which genes influence complex behaviors and diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple genes influence behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heritable disease of the central nervous system, death of neurons in the limbic system, problems in muscle coordination/cognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influence of chromosomes 5, 7 and 17, plus possible environmental factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in DNA (can be good or bad) |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits which help an organism survive or reproduce to pass on a species. |
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Term
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Definition
| It's difficult to say what's genetic and what's environmental. |
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Term
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Definition
| Men are genetically predisposed to be more interested in sex since having more sexual partners is for them reproductive success, but woman can only carry one man's child at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maternal Health and Age, Maternal nutrition, Maternal Stress, Injury, Teratogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol, aspirin, cough syrup, B vitamins, cocaine (all when used be a pregnant woman). |
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Term
| Early Experience/Brain Development |
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Definition
| Neural Tissue growth directed by DNA, influenced by learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Looked at the influence of learning on development, found we are more likely to follow the example of those most like us (culture, norms) |
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Term
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Definition
| Priority is given to one's own goals, desires, needs versus those of the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Priority is given to the group's goals, desires, needs versus those of the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences in chromosomal make-up. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes, first 22 have nothing to do with sex. XX=Girl XY=Boy. |
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Term
| Why do dads determine the sex of the baby? |
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Definition
| Mom's always give X chromosome, but dad's can give either X or Y. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shorter, missing some genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumed characteristics of being male or female. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeking Universal behaviors (sense of smell, depression, suicide, alcoholism, anxiety, emotional expressiveness, autism) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Analysis begins with the sense receptors and the brain constructs the perception, happens during unfamiliarity or confusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Analysis begins with the sense receptors, but the brain jumps to conclusions, you experience the perception before all the info is available, able to be done when you have a shema for the sensation. |
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Term
| Light waves (radiation waves) |
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Definition
| Color, amplitude determines brightness |
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Term
| Sound waves (air molecules vibrating in waves) |
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Definition
| Determines pitch, volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from peak to peak of a sound or light wave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Behind the pupil, focuses the light rays on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle of the pupil, expands and contracts to control light entering. |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the eye, transparent, where light enters |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the eye to the brain's visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| point of central focus in an eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Big part of the eye that makes it circular, contains sensory receptors that process visual info and send it to the brain. |
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Term
| ALSO STUDY PICTURES OF WAVELENGTH |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory |
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Definition
| Retina has 3 types of color receptors, red, blue and green, explains color blindness, but doesn't explain afterimage. |
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Term
| Hering’s Opponent-Process Theory |
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Definition
| Additional color processes happen after leaving the receptor cells (rods/cones). Visual info is analyzed in terms of opposing colors (Red/green, blue/yellow, black/white). |
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